High-fidelity entanglement between a telecom photon and a room-temperature quantum memory (2503.11564v1)

Abstract: Entanglement distribution through existing telecommunication infrastructure is crucial for realizing large-scale quantum networks. However, distance limitations imposed by photon losses and the no-cloning theorem present significant challenges. Quantum repeaters based on entangled telecom wavelength photons and quantum memories offer a promising solution to overcome these limitations. In this work, we report an important milestone in quantum repeater architecture by demonstrating entanglement between a telecom-wavelength (1324 nm) photon and a room-temperature quantum memory with a fidelity up to 90.2%, using simple rubidium systems for both photon generation and storage. Furthermore, we achieve high-rate photon-memory entanglement generation of up to 1,200 Bell pairs per second with 80% fidelity. The technical simplicity and robustness of our room-temperature systems paves the way towards deploying quantum networks at scale in realistic settings.

High-Fidelity Entanglement Between a Telecom Photon and a Room-Temperature Quantum Memory

This paper addresses a significant challenge in the development of large-scale quantum networks: the creation and preservation of entanglement over telecom infrastructures using practical and scalable quantum memory solutions. The authors present a noteworthy achievement, realizing high-fidelity (up to 90.2%) entanglement between a telecom-wavelength photon (1324 nm) and a room-temperature quantum memory. This work is critical as it paves the way for implementing quantum networks that can be integrated into existing telecom systems without requiring cryogenic conditions.

The entanglement process leverages warm vapor rubidium ($^{87}$Rb) atoms, employing the technique of off-resonant four-wave mixing for photon pair generation, and electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) for photon storage. The experiment yields an entanglement fidelity between the quantum memory and the telecom photon that is comparable to, or exceeds, many contemporary systems like those based on cold atoms, NV centers, and other solid-state platforms.

Key Results and Analysis:

• Entanglement Fidelity: The authors report an entanglement fidelity of up to 90.2%, with consistent results across different polarizations. This demonstrates the robustness of their system for quantum communication applications.
• Entanglement Generation Rate: The setup achieves an entanglement generation rate of up to 1,200 Bell pairs per second at a fidelity of 80%. This rate signifies a balanced performance metric required for practical applications of quantum repeater protocols.
• Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR): The memory demonstrates an $\rm{SNR}_{\langle n \rangle=1}$ of 95(5), marking an impressive improvement over previous configurations, attributed mainly to optimized rapid retrieval processes.
• Utility Time: The memory shows a utility time up to $3\,\mu \text{s}$ for maintaining high entanglement fidelity, a critical attribute for real-world quantum network deployment.

Implications and Future Directions:

The implications of this research extend both practically and theoretically. Practically, the success in achieving high fidelity and high rate of entanglement with a room-temperature system highlights a path forward for scalable quantum networks that can operate within current telecom infrastructures. Theoretically, these results deepen our understanding of photon-atom interactions and the practical challenges of maintaining entanglement in non-cryogenic environments.

Looking to the future, improving the memory utility time to the millisecond range is highlighted as a priority. This can be approached by optimizing atomic diffusion through engineering of the vapor cell and using anti-relaxation coatings. Additionally, enhancing the control pulse power would potentially allow for an even broader bandwidth while maintaining or improving noise performance. These enhancements collectively offer a promising outlook on the deployment of quantum networks in realistic settings, laying foundational work for a quantum internet.

This paper successfully demonstrates a significant milestone in quantum networking technology, potentially accelerating the move from academic paper to practical deployment. As the field evolves, such advances will be critical in achieving the robustness and scalability necessary for a functional quantum internet.