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DReSD: Dense Retrieval for Speculative Decoding (2502.15572v2)

Published 21 Feb 2025 in cs.CL

Abstract: Speculative decoding (SD) accelerates LLM generation by using an efficient draft model to propose the next few tokens, which are verified by the LLM in a single forward call, reducing latency while preserving its outputs. We focus on retrieval-based SD where the draft model retrieves the next tokens from a non-parametric datastore. Sparse retrieval (REST), which operates on the surface form of strings, is currently the dominant paradigm due to its simplicity and scalability. However, its effectiveness is limited due to the usage of short contexts and exact string matching. Instead, we introduce Dense Retrieval for Speculative Decoding (DReSD), a novel framework that uses approximate nearest neighbour search with contextualised token embeddings to retrieve the most semantically relevant token sequences for SD. Extensive experiments show that DReSD achieves (on average) 87% higher acceptance rates, 65% longer accepted tokens and 19% faster generation speeds compared to sparse retrieval (REST).

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Summary

  • The paper introduces DReSD, a novel framework that utilizes dense retrieval and semantic similarity via approximate nearest neighbor search to address the inefficiencies of sparse retrieval in LLM speculative decoding.
  • DReSD achieves significant performance gains, including an 87% higher acceptance rate of drafted tokens and a 19% increase in token generation speed compared to traditional sparse retrieval methods like REST.
  • The study emphasizes the critical role of datastore alignment, detailing a three-fold strategy (prompt, response, sampling alignment) that influences the optimization of retrieval-based speculative decoding for LLMs.

An Analytical Examination of "DReSD: Dense Retrieval for Speculative Decoding"

The paper, "DReSD: Dense Retrieval for Speculative Decoding," introduces Dense Retrieval for Speculative Decoding (DReSD) as a novel approach in the optimization of LLMs. The fundamental problem addressed here is the computational inefficiency present in speculative decoding methods of LLMs, particularly when utilizing sparse retrieval systems. The authors provide a comprehensive analysis and rigorous testing to establish DReSD's capabilities in enhancing both the acceptance rate of proposed token sequences and the overall decoding speed, which are quintessential for real-time LLM applications.

The authors outline several limitations of sparse retrieval methods, such as susceptibility to inefficiencies arising from short context usage and the constraints of exact string matching. In contrast, the DReSD framework leverages dense retrieval methodologies, utilizing semantic similarity through approximate nearest neighbor search (ANNS) across token embeddings contextualized for enhanced relevance.

Significant improvements achieved by DReSD are highlighted through various quantitative results across different settings. Most notably, DReSD exhibits, on average, an 87% higher acceptance rate of drafted tokens compared to traditional sparse retrieval models such as REST. Alongside, it demonstrates a substantial 19% increase in token generation speed. These results not only underscore the efficacy of dense retrieval mechanisms over sparse retrieval but also place a spotlight on the critical efficiencies that can be harnessed by intelligently integrating semantic-based retrieval techniques.

The paper also explores the crucial role that datastore alignment plays, providing meticulous insight into the three-fold alignment strategy: prompt alignment, response alignment, and sampling alignment. These components collectively influence the optimization of retrieval-based speculative decoding because the content and configuration of the datastore significantly affect the acceptance rates of generated sequences.

The authors contribute significantly to the field by crafting an efficient dense retrieval protocol, integrating it with PCA for dimensionality reduction and employing normalization strategies for effective nearest neighbor searches. These additions ensure that DReSD maintains scalability despite the increased computational demands often associated with dense retrieval systems.

Moreover, the exploration of optimal retrieval configurations conducted by the authors reveals nuanced insights into the interplay between draft lengths and the number of drafts, suggesting that a more profound understanding of these dynamics could unlock further enhancements in LLM acceleration.

The implications of the findings from this work are profound for both the practical deployment of LLMs in compute-constrained environments and the theoretical frameworks used to understand token retrieval processes in machine learning. It suggests a potential shift towards dense retrieval mechanisms as a preferred solution for enhancing LLM performance, catalyzing future exploration into hybrid approaches that could amalgamate the strengths of dynamic and static retrieval methods.

In conclusion, the solid empirical evidence and innovative framework proposed in this paper advocate for the reconsideration of retrieval strategies within the speculative decoding context of LLMs. The significant gains in performance metrics attained by DReSD not only reflect its immediate relevance in application but also its potential to inspire further advancements and refinement in LLM processing methodologies.

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