Discontinuous transition in 2D Potts: I. Order-Disorder Interface convergence (2502.04129v1)

Abstract: It is known that the planar q-state Potts model undergoes a discontinuous phase transition when q > 4 and there are exactly q + 1 extremal Gibbs measures at the transition point: q ordered (monochromatic) measures and one disordered (free). We focus on the Potts model under the Dobrushin order-disorder boundary conditions on a finite $N\times N$ part of the square grid. Our main result is that this interface is a well defined object, has $\sqrt{N}$ fluctuations, and converges to a Brownian bridge under diffusive scaling. The same holds also for the corresponding FK-percolation model for all q > 4. Our proofs rely on a coupling between FK-percolation, the six-vertex model, and the random-cluster representation of an Ashkin-Teller model (ATRC), and on a detailed study of the latter. The coupling relates the interface in FK-percolation to a long subcritical cluster in the ATRC model. For this cluster, we develop a `renewal picture'' \a la Ornstein-Zernike. This is based on fine mixing properties of the ATRC model that we establish using the link to the six-vertex model and its height function. Along the way, we derive various properties of the Ashkin-Teller model, such as Ornstein-Zernike asymptotics for its two-point function. In a companion work, we provide a detailed study of the Potts model under order-order Dobrushin conditions. We show emergence of a free layer of width $\sqrt{N}$ between the two ordered phases (wetting) and establish convergence of its boundaries to two Brownian bridges conditioned not to intersect.