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Learning Temporal Distances: Contrastive Successor Features Can Provide a Metric Structure for Decision-Making (2406.17098v2)

Published 24 Jun 2024 in cs.LG and cs.AI

Abstract: Temporal distances lie at the heart of many algorithms for planning, control, and reinforcement learning that involve reaching goals, allowing one to estimate the transit time between two states. However, prior attempts to define such temporal distances in stochastic settings have been stymied by an important limitation: these prior approaches do not satisfy the triangle inequality. This is not merely a definitional concern, but translates to an inability to generalize and find shortest paths. In this paper, we build on prior work in contrastive learning and quasimetrics to show how successor features learned by contrastive learning (after a change of variables) form a temporal distance that does satisfy the triangle inequality, even in stochastic settings. Importantly, this temporal distance is computationally efficient to estimate, even in high-dimensional and stochastic settings. Experiments in controlled settings and benchmark suites demonstrate that an RL algorithm based on these new temporal distances exhibits combinatorial generalization (i.e., "stitching") and can sometimes learn more quickly than prior methods, including those based on quasimetrics.

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Summary

  • The paper proposes a novel method that defines temporal distances satisfying the triangle inequality in stochastic RL settings using contrastive successor features.
  • It introduces a metric residual network architecture that enforces a quasimetric structure, enhancing policy generalization in high-dimensional domains.
  • Empirical results demonstrate that this approach enables efficient goal-conditioned learning and trajectory stitching from sparse training data.

Analyzing Temporal Distances: The Integration of Contrastive Successor Features and Quasimetric Frameworks

The paper, "Learning Temporal Distances: Contrastive Successor Features Can Provide a Metric Structure for Decision-Making," explores an approach to define and utilize temporal distances in reinforcement learning (RL) and control tasks. At its core, the research addresses a fundamental challenge in constructing temporal distances in stochastic settings, specifically, how to ensure that these distances satisfy the triangle inequality. The authors propose a novel method that utilizes contrastive successor features and a quasimetric framework, which both resolves this challenge and facilitates efficient decision-making in high-dimensional domains.

Core Contributions and Methodology

The key contribution of this paper lies in defining a temporal distance metric that satisfies the triangle inequality, thereby addressing the limitations of prior methods that falter under stochastic conditions. By leveraging contrastive learning techniques, the authors propose a transformation of successor features into temporal distances. This conversion ensures that the resulting distances not only satisfy the triangle inequality but are also computationally feasible to estimate, even in high-dimensional and stochastic settings.

A notable methodological innovation is the employment of goal-conditioned contrastive learning to derive state representations that maintain temporal consistency. The derived temporal distance function serves as a quasimetric; it handles cases where symmetry in state transitions is not guaranteed but still upholds the triangle inequality—a critical aspect for the generalization of learned policies.

The implementation of these concepts involves using a metric residual network architecture to enforce the quasimetric properties during representation learning. This architecture inherently encodes the triangle inequality by design, which is critical for the subsequent application to RL tasks where temporal abstraction and combinatorial generalization are crucial.

Theoretical and Practical Implications

The theoretical implications of this research are significant, offering deeper insights into the representation of state transitions in RL as quasimetric spaces. By redefining temporal distances within this structure, the method enhances the ability to generalize learned paths and navigate effectively from unseen starting points to goals. This contribution is crucial for tackling real-world, stochastic environments where deterministic assumptions do not hold.

Practically, the approach has implications for advancing goal-conditioned RL (GCRL) tasks, particularly those requiring efficient transition across a variety of states with minimal data. The ability to infer optimal paths without exhaustive sample collection or reward-specification ties directly into practical applications such as autonomous navigation, robotics, and strategic decision-making in complex systems.

Experimentation and Results

Empirical validation of the proposed method was conducted through experiments on benchmark suites and controlled environments. The results are convincing, depicting how RL algorithms leveraging these new temporal distances exhibit superior combinatorial generalization capabilities. The algorithm's ability to "stitch" together trajectories from sparse and disconnected training data signifies a major leap over traditional methods, including those relying solely on classical quasimetrics.

In high-dimensional locomotion tasks, the RL methods based on these temporal distances demonstrated competitive performance with parameter-tuned existing methods, illustrating the scalability of the proposed framework. Such results emphasize the potential of contrastive successor features when augmented with a metric structure, allowing agents to not only learn efficiently but also apply learned knowledge dynamically across different initial conditions and environments.

Concluding Insights

This paper makes substantial contributions by innovatively applying contrastive learning strategies to tackle the enduring problem of defining temporal distances in stochastic RL frameworks. By establishing the temporal distance as a quasimetric, the paper addresses a critical gap in the generalization capabilities of RL systems. Future research directions may include refining these techniques for more dynamic environments, exploring alternative architectures to further boost computational efficiency, and extending the methodological framework to incorporate richer data modalities.

Overall, the integration of contrastive successor features with quasimetric learning frameworks stands to enrich the RL domain, proposing both a robust theoretical model and a practical tool for the design and deployment of smarter, more adaptable AI systems.

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