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Observational Tests of Active Galactic Nuclei Feedback: An Overview of Approaches and Interpretation (2404.08050v1)

Published 11 Apr 2024 in astro-ph.GA and astro-ph.HE

Abstract: Growing supermassive black holes (Active Galactic Nuclei; AGN) release energy with the potential to alter their host galaxies and larger-scale environment; a process named "AGN feedback". Feedback is a required component of galaxy formation models and simulations to explain observed properties of galaxy populations. We provide a broad overview of observational approaches that are designed to establish the physical processes that couple AGN energy to the multi-phase gas, or to find evidence that AGN impact upon galaxy evolution. The orders-of-magnitude range in spatial, temporal, and temperature scales, requires a diverse set of observational studies. For example, studying individual targets in detail sheds light on coupling mechanisms; however, evidence for long-term impact of AGN is better established within galaxy populations that are not necessarily currently active. We emphasise how modern surveys have revealed the importance of radio emission for identifying, and characterising, feedback mechanisms. At the achieved sensitivities, the detected radio emission can trace a range of processes, including shocked interstellar medium caused by AGN outflows (driven by various mechanisms including radiation pressure, accretion disc winds, and jets). We also describe how interpreting observations in the context of theoretical work can be challenging, in part, due to some of the adopted terminology.

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Summary

  • The paper provides a comprehensive overview of observational methods used to test active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback and its role in galaxy evolution.
  • It highlights the need for multi-faceted observational strategies across various spatial and temporal scales to capture the diverse mechanisms of AGN feedback.
  • Key challenges include accurately measuring how AGN energy couples with multiphase gas and assessing the integrated long-term impact of feedback on galaxy populations and star formation.

Observational Tests of AGN Feedback: An Expert Evaluation

The paper "Observational Tests of AGN Feedback: An Overview of Approaches and Interpretation" by Chris M. Harrison and Cristina Ramos Almeida presents a comprehensive analysis of the numerous observational methodologies applied to understand the role of active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback in galaxy evolution. AGN feedback is a pivotal component in shaping theoretical models of galaxy formation; its significance arises from the influence supermassive black holes (SMBHs) exert on their host galaxies through feedback processes. This overview brings to light key approaches and interpretations in observational studies that aim to decipher the complex interplay between AGNs and host galaxies.

Summary of Approaches

The paper delineates the extensive spatial, temporal, and energy scales across which AGN feedback operates. The authors stress the necessity of a multi-faceted observational strategy to capture feedback processes effectively. This includes studying individual galaxies in detail to understand specific feedback mechanisms, and analyzing large-scale surveys to assess long-term impacts across galaxy populations.

The use of modern radio surveys has expanded the paradigms of understanding AGN feedback. These surveys identify radio emissions tracing various processes, such as AGN-driven outflows impacting the interstellar medium (ISM). Such phenomena are driven by mechanisms including radiation pressure, accretion disc winds, and jets.

AGN Feedback Mechanisms

The dichotomy of AGN states—radiatively efficient and inefficient—is crucial in understanding the feedback mechanisms. High accretion rates lead to radiatively efficient AGNs that inject energy primarily through radiation pressure and disc winds, while radiatively inefficient AGNs predominantly transfer energy through mechanical means, such as jets.

It is essential to assess how the energy from AGNs couples with the multi-phase gas in galaxies, as it determines the feedback's efficacy. This interplay is crucial to models hypothesizing that AGN feedback regulates star formation and structural evolution of galaxies.

Observational Challenges and Implications

Evaluating the coupling between AGN energy output and host galaxy gas involves understanding the multiple phases of outflows. The authors highlight the need for a multiphase view, which remains challenging due to observational limitations. Accurate measurement of outflow properties across different phases, such as molecular and ionized components, is imperative to construing their impact.

A key aspect of extending this research is elucidating the impact of AGNs on star formation and gas dynamics. The paper proposes examining not only the immediate local impacts but also the aggregate, long-term influence on galaxy populations. Observational evidence is sought from both direct measurements of outflow dynamics and indirect assessments of cumulative feedback through properties like star formation quenching.

Future Directions

Moving forward, the paper accentuates the integration of high-resolution observations with advanced simulations to refine the theoretical underpinning of AGN feedback. Future instruments and surveys are anticipated to provide quintessential data to transcend current observational limits, bridging the gap between localized AGN feedback events and their extended implications on galactic evolution.

This paper provides an indispensable foundation for understanding AGN feedback through observational lenses and proposes focal directions for ongoing research to unravel the complexities of AGN-host interactions within the cosmic web. The insights drawn emphasize the multifaceted nature of AGN feedback and its substantial role in galaxy formation and evolution scenarios.

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