Collisional effects in modeling solar polarized lines (2402.00441v1)

Abstract: Rigorous implementation of the effects of collisions in modeling the formation of the polarized solar lines is of utmost importance in order to realistically analyze the available, highly sensitive solar spectropolarimetric observations. Indeed, even when an observation seems to fit well with theory, one can misinterpret results if important effects due to collisions are not correctly implemented in the modeling process. We point out inconsistencies in the models adopted to implement the Paschen Back effect together with collisional effects on the solar linear polarization formed by scattering of anisotropic radiation. Because the significance of these inconsistencies increases as polarization becomes increasingly responsive to collisions, we investigate the range of hydrogen densities $n_\text{H}$ to which the polarization is sensitive. We used the density matrix formalism in the tensorial irreducible basis, which was developed within the theory of atom-radiation interaction and of atomic collisions. We solved the statistical equilibrium equations for multi-level atoms with hyperfine structure (HFS) in order to evaluate the collisional depolarization of levels of the D1-D2 lines of the K I atom. We find that collisions play a prominent role, particularly at hydrogen densities of between 10$^{13}$ and 10$^{16}$ cm$^{-3}$. So far, analyses of polarized lines formed in the presence of solar magnetic field have incorporated, if at all, collisional rates calculated assuming zero magnetic field. This could be a good approximation in the Hanle regime but not in the Paschen Back regime. For typical quiet Sun magnetic fields, the latter regime could be reached, and level-crossing takes place in several atomic systems. Therefore, one must be careful when using collisional rates calculated in the zero-field case to interpret linear polarization formed in magnetized media.