Analyzing the time spectrum of supernova neutrinos to constrain their effective mass or Lorentz Invariance Violation (2304.12546v2)

Abstract: We analyze the expected arrival time spectrum of supernova neutrinos using simulated luminosity and compute the expected number of events in future detectors such as the DUNE Far Detector and Hyper-Kamiokande. We develop a general method using minimum square statistics that can compute the sensitivity to any variable affecting neutrino time of flight. We apply this method in two different situations: First, we compare the time spectrum changes due to different neutrino mass values to put limits on electron (anti)neutrino effective mass. Second, we constrain Lorentz invariance violation through the mass scale, $M_{QG}$, at which it would occur. We consider two main neutrino detection techniques: 1. DUNE-like liquid argon TPC, for which the main detection channel is $\nu_e +\, ^{40}\mbox{Ar} \rightarrow e^- +\, ^{40}\mbox{K}^*$, related to the supernova neutronization burst; and 2. HyperK-like water Cherenkov detector, for which $\bar \nu_e + p \rightarrow e^+ + n$ is the main detection channel. We consider a fixed supernova distance of 10~kpc and two different masses of the progenitor star: (i) 15~$M_\odot$ with neutrino emission time up to 0.3~s and (ii) 11.2~$M_\odot$ with neutrino emission time up to 10~s. The best mass limits at 3$\sigma$ are for $\mathcal{O}(1)$~eV. For $\nu_e$, the best limit comes from a DUNE-like detector if the mass ordering happens to be inverted. For $\bar \nu_e$, the best limit comes from a HyperK-like detector. The best limit for the Lorentz invariance violation mass scale at the 3$\sigma$ level considering a superluminal or subluminal effect is $M_{QG} \gtrsim 10^{13}$~GeV ($M_{QG} \gtrsim 5 \times 10^{5}$~GeV) for linear (quadratic) energy dependence.