The Restricted Partition and q-Partial Fractions (2202.03603v3)

Abstract: The restricted partition function $p_{N}(n)$ counts the partitions of $n$ into at most $N$ parts. In the nineteenth century Sylvester showed that these partitions can be expressed as a sum of $k$-periodic quasi-polynomials ($1\leq k\leq N$) which he termed as Waves. It is now well-known that one can easily perform a wave decomposition using a special type of partial fraction decomposition (the so-called $q$-partial fractions) of the generating function of $p_{N}(n)$. In this paper we show that the coefficients of these $q$-partial fractions can be expressed as a linear combination of the Ramanujan sums. In particular, we show, for the first time, an appearance of the degenerate Bernoulli numbers, the degenerate Euler numbers and a special generalization of the Ramanujan sums, which we term as a Gaussian-Ramanujan sum, in the formulae for certain waves. These coefficients not only provide a good approximation of $p_{N}(n)$ but they can also be used for obtaining good bounds. Further, we provide a combinatorial meaning to these sums. Our approach for partial fractions is based on a projection operator on the $I$-adic completion of the ring of polynomials, where $I$ is an ideal generated by the Cyclotomic polynomial.