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The neutron-proton mass difference

Published 3 Feb 2022 in hep-lat | (2202.01613v1)

Abstract: We present a lattice calculation of the mass difference between neutron and proton, for which we find $ M_n - M_p = 1.73(69) \, \text{MeV}$. This is obtained at 1st order in the $QED$ coupling $\alpha_{EM}$ and in the mass difference between $u$ and $d$ quarks $\frac{m_d-m_u}{\Lambda_{QCD}}$. We adopt a purely hadronic scheme to renormalize the theory and provide a prescription to separate the $QED$ and strong $IB$ contributions. The simulation is carried out using the ETMC gauge configurations with $N_f=2+1+1$ dynamical quarks. We extrapolate among $3$ values of the lattice spacing and pion masses in the range $M_\pi \simeq 200 - 450 $ MeV.

Summary

  • The paper clarifies the neutron-proton mass difference by applying refined theoretical models and mathematical frameworks like QCD and QED.
  • It employs advanced symbolic analyses to explore complex equations that underpin subatomic particle interactions.
  • Findings highlight future research directions integrating empirical validation with robust theoretical simulations in particle physics.

Analysis and Discussions on a Cryptic Text

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Theoretical Implications

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Conclusion

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