Uncovering More Shallow Heuristics: Probing the Natural Language Inference Capacities of Transformer-Based Pre-Trained Language Models Using Syllogistic Patterns

Abstract: In this article, we explore the shallow heuristics used by transformer-based pre-trained LLMs (PLMs) that are fine-tuned for natural language inference (NLI). To do so, we construct or own dataset based on syllogistic, and we evaluate a number of models' performance on our dataset. We find evidence that the models rely heavily on certain shallow heuristics, picking up on symmetries and asymmetries between premise and hypothesis. We suggest that the lack of generalization observable in our study, which is becoming a topic of lively debate in the field, means that the PLMs are currently not learning NLI, but rather spurious heuristics.