Activity-controlled Annealing of Colloidal Monolayers

Abstract: Molecular motors are essential to the living, they generate additional fluctuations that boost transport and assist assembly. Self-propelled colloids, that consume energy to move, hold similar potential for the man-made assembly of microparticles. Yet, experiments showing their use as a powerhouse in materials science lack. Our work explores the design of man-made materials controlled by fluctuations, arising from the internal forces generated by active colloids. Here we show a massive acceleration of the annealing of a monolayer of passive beads by moderate addition of self-propelled microparticles. We rationalize our observations with a model of collisions that drive active fluctuations to overcome kinetic barriers and activate the annealing. The experiment is quantitatively compared with Brownian dynamic simulations that further unveil a dynamical transition in the mechanism of annealing. Active dopants travel uniformly in the system or co-localize at the grain boundaries as a result of the persistence of their motion. Our findings uncover the potential of man-made materials controlled by internal activity and lay the groundwork for the rise of materials science beyond equilibrium.