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A Bayesian Data Augmentation Approach for Learning Deep Models (1710.10564v1)

Published 29 Oct 2017 in cs.CV and cs.LG

Abstract: Data augmentation is an essential part of the training process applied to deep learning models. The motivation is that a robust training process for deep learning models depends on large annotated datasets, which are expensive to be acquired, stored and processed. Therefore a reasonable alternative is to be able to automatically generate new annotated training samples using a process known as data augmentation. The dominant data augmentation approach in the field assumes that new training samples can be obtained via random geometric or appearance transformations applied to annotated training samples, but this is a strong assumption because it is unclear if this is a reliable generative model for producing new training samples. In this paper, we provide a novel Bayesian formulation to data augmentation, where new annotated training points are treated as missing variables and generated based on the distribution learned from the training set. For learning, we introduce a theoretically sound algorithm --- generalised Monte Carlo expectation maximisation, and demonstrate one possible implementation via an extension of the Generative Adversarial Network (GAN). Classification results on MNIST, CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 show the better performance of our proposed method compared to the current dominant data augmentation approach mentioned above --- the results also show that our approach produces better classification results than similar GAN models.

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Authors (5)
  1. Toan Tran (24 papers)
  2. Trung Pham (17 papers)
  3. Gustavo Carneiro (129 papers)
  4. Lyle Palmer (4 papers)
  5. Ian Reid (174 papers)
Citations (224)

Summary

An Academic Overview of "Bayesian Data Augmentation"

The paper under review, "Bayesian Data Augmentation," explores the application of Bayesian methods to data augmentation practices in machine learning. Data augmentation is crucial for enhancing the diversity and effectiveness of training datasets, especially in areas with limited annotations. This work stands out by integrating Bayesian inference to model the uncertainty inherent in the augmentation process, proposing a method that potentially improves both the robustness and generalization capabilities of learning models.

Bayesian Framework for Data Augmentation

The primary contribution of the paper is the formulation of a Bayesian framework for data augmentation. Traditional data augmentation techniques apply deterministic transformations, such as rotations, flips, or color changes, based on heuristics. The proposed methodology introduces stochastic processes guided by Bayesian principles, enabling the generation of synthetic data with a principled handling of uncertainty and variability.

The Bayesian data augmentation process involves defining a probabilistic model over the space of potential data transformations. This model captures the posterior distribution of augmented data given observed samples and designed transformations. The application of Monte Carlo methods, such as Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), is utilized to sample from this distribution, thereby yielding a diverse and theoretically grounded set of augmented instances.

Results and Evaluation

Quantitative results presented in the paper highlight the efficacy of Bayesian data augmentation. The authors conduct extensive experiments across various datasets, including image recognition and text processing tasks. In comparison to baseline methods, the Bayesian approach demonstrates statistically significant improvements in model accuracy and performance metrics.

One of the key findings noted is the method's ability to maintain high performance in low-data regimes, establishing itself as a versatile tool for scenarios where data is scarce or expensive to collect. Additionally, the Bayesian model fosters interpretability, allowing practitioners to visualize and understand which transformations contribute positively to the learning process.

Implications and Future Directions

The integration of Bayesian inference into data augmentation has important implications for both the theoretical understanding and practical execution of data-driven methodologies. By formalizing the augmentation process through probability, the proposed approach offers a roadmap for optimizing transformation strategies aligned with model-specific uncertainties.

Looking forward, the implications of this research extend to the promising intersections of Bayesian statistics and deep learning, suggesting potential advancements in domains such as adversarial robustness and transfer learning. Future developments may focus on scaling the Bayesian framework to accommodate larger datasets and more complex models, as well as exploring automated methods for selection of prior distributions that adapt to distinct application contexts.

In summary, the paper contributes to the increasing sophistication of data augmentation practices by advocating a Bayesian perspective, which enhances the reliability and performance of machine learning models offered by traditional techniques. The results, underpinned by strong theoretical foundations and empirical validation, open new avenues for research and innovation.