Counting in One-Hop Beeping Networks

Abstract: We consider networks of processes which interact with beeps. In the basic model defined by Cornejo and Kuhn, which we refer to as the $BL$ variant, processes can choose in each round either to beep or to listen. Those who beep are unable to detect simultaneous beeps. Those who listen can only distinguish between silence and the presence of at least one beep. Beeping models are weak in essence and even simple tasks may become difficult or unfeasible with them. In this paper, we address the problem of computing how many participants there are in a one-hop network: the {\em counting} problem. We first observe that no algorithm can compute this number with certainty in $BL$, whether the algorithm be deterministic or even randomised (Las Vegas). We thus consider the stronger variant where beeping nodes are able to detect simultaneous beeps, referred to as $B_{cd}L$ (for {\em collision detection}). We prove that at least $n$ rounds are necessary in $B_{cd}L$, and we present an algorithm whose running time is $O(n)$ rounds with high probability. Further experimental results show that its expected running time is less than $10n$. Finally, we discuss how this algorithm can be adapted in other beeping models. In particular, we show that it can be emulated in $BL$, at the cost of a logarithmic slowdown and of trading its Las Vegas nature (result certain, time uncertain) against Monte Carlo (time certain, result uncertain).