Precise Radial Velocities of 2046 Nearby FGKM Stars and 131 Standards (1207.6212v2)

Abstract: We present radial velocities with an accuracy of 0.1 km/s for 2046 stars of spectral type F,G,K, and M, based on 29000 spectra taken with the Keck I telescope. We also present 131 FGKM standard stars, all of which exhibit constant radial velocity for at least 10 years, with an RMS less than 0.03 km/s. All velocities are measured relative to the solar system barycenter. Spectra of the Sun and of asteroids pin the zero-point of our velocities, yielding a velocity accuracy of 0.01 km/s for G2V stars. This velocity zero-point agrees within 0.01 \kms with the zero-points carefully determined by Nidever et al. (2002) and Latham et al. (2002). For reference we compute the differences in velocity zero-points between our velocities and standard stars of the IAU, the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, and l'Observatoire de Geneve, finding agreement with all of them at the level of 0.1 km/s. But our radial velocities (and those of all other groups) contain no corrections for convective blueshift or gravitational redshifts (except for G2V stars), leaving them vulnerable to systematic errors of 0.2 \kms for K dwarfs and ~0.3 km/s for M dwarfs due to subphotospheric convection, for which we offer velocity corrections. The velocities here thus represent accurately the radial component of each star's velocity vector. The radial velocity standards presented here are designed to be useful as fundamental standards in astronomy. They may be useful for Gaia (Crifo et al. 2010, Gilmore et al. 2012} and for dynamical studies of such systems as long-period binary stars, star clusters, Galactic structure, and nearby galaxies, as will be carried out by SDSS, RAVE, APOGEE, SkyMapper, HERMES, and LSST.