Equivalence of Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm and Linear-Time Quantum Annealing for the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick Model (2503.09563v1)

Abstract: The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) and quantum annealing are two of the most popular quantum optimization heuristics. While QAOA is known to be able to approximate quantum annealing, the approximation requires QAOA angles to vanish with the problem size $n$, whereas optimized QAOA angles are observed to be size-independent for small $n$ and constant in the infinite-size limit. This fact led to a folklore belief that QAOA has a mechanism that is fundamentally different from quantum annealing. In this work, we provide evidence against this by analytically showing that QAOA energy approximates that of quantum annealing under two conditions, namely that angles vary smoothly from one layer to the next and that the sum is bounded by a constant. These conditions are known to hold for near-optimal QAOA angles empirically. Our results are enabled by novel formulae for QAOA energy with constant sum of angles and arbitrary depth and the series expansion of energy in sum of angles, which we obtain using the saddle-point method, which may be of independent interest. While our results are limited to the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick (SK) model, we show numerically that the expansion holds for random 2SAT and expect our main results to generalize to other constraint satisfaction problems. A corollary of our results is a quadratic improvement for the bound on depth required to compile Trotterized quantum annealing of the SK model.