First observation of reactor antineutrinos by coherent scattering (2501.05206v2)

Abstract: Neutrinos are elementary particles that interact only very weakly with matter. Neutrino experiments are therefore usually big, with masses on the multi-ton scale. The thresholdless interaction of coherent elastic scattering of neutrinos on atomic nuclei leads to drastically enhanced interaction rates, that allows for much smaller detectors. The study of this process gives insights into physics beyond the Standard Model of particle physics. The CONUS+ experiment was designed to first detect elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering in the fully coherent regime with low-energy neutrinos produced in nuclear reactors. For this purpose, semiconductor detectors based on high-purity germanium crystals with extremely low energy threshold of 160$-$180 eV were developed. Here we show the first observation of a neutrino signal with a statistical significance of 3.7 sigma from the CONUS+ experiment, operated at the nuclear power plant in Leibstadt, Switzerland. In 119 days of reactor operation (395$\pm$106) neutrinos were measured compared to a predicted number from calculations assuming standard model physics of (347$\pm$59) events. The good agreement between data and prediction constrains many parameters in various theoretical models. With increased precision, there is potential for fundamental discoveries in the future. The CONUS+ results in combination with other measurements of this interaction channel might therefore mark a starting point for a new era in neutrino physics.