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Measuring Human and AI Values Based on Generative Psychometrics with Large Language Models (2409.12106v3)

Published 18 Sep 2024 in cs.CL and cs.AI

Abstract: Human values and their measurement are long-standing interdisciplinary inquiry. Recent advances in AI have sparked renewed interest in this area, with LLMs emerging as both tools and subjects of value measurement. This work introduces Generative Psychometrics for Values (GPV), an LLM-based, data-driven value measurement paradigm, theoretically grounded in text-revealed selective perceptions. The core idea is to dynamically parse unstructured texts into perceptions akin to static stimuli in traditional psychometrics, measure the value orientations they reveal, and aggregate the results. Applying GPV to human-authored blogs, we demonstrate its stability, validity, and superiority over prior psychological tools. Then, extending GPV to LLM value measurement, we advance the current art with 1) a psychometric methodology that measures LLM values based on their scalable and free-form outputs, enabling context-specific measurement; 2) a comparative analysis of measurement paradigms, indicating response biases of prior methods; and 3) an attempt to bridge LLM values and their safety, revealing the predictive power of different value systems and the impacts of various values on LLM safety. Through interdisciplinary efforts, we aim to leverage AI for next-generation psychometrics and psychometrics for value-aligned AI.

Summary

  • The paper introduces a novel GPV paradigm that uses a fine-tuned Llama-3 to achieve 90.0% relevance and 91.5% valence classification accuracy.
  • It validates its methodology against established datasets, demonstrating high construct, concurrent, and predictive validity compared to traditional value measurement tools.
  • The study highlights GPV’s potential for enhancing AI alignment and machine ethics by dynamically quantifying values in both human and AI entities.

Measuring Human and AI Values with Generative Psychometrics

In the paper entitled "Measuring Human and AI Values based on Generative Psychometrics with LLMs," the authors propose an innovative paradigm, Generative Psychometrics for Values (GPV), to measure values both in humans and AI entities using LLMs. This work addresses the long-standing challenge of value measurement by introducing a text-driven approach leveraging the nuanced semantic capabilities of LLMs, specifically focusing on the Llama-3 model.

Theoretical Foundation and Model Development

GPV is grounded in the philosophy of value-driven selective perceptions, suggesting that individual values are reflected in personal perceptions dictated by linguistic and behavioral cues. To operationalize this concept, the researchers fine-tuned the Llama-3-8B model, aptly named ValueLlama, to classify and evaluate perceptions based on their relevance and valence concerning a broad range of value systems.

The process involves two main tasks: relevance classification to determine a perception's connection to a value, and valence classification to ascertain whether a perception supports or opposes a value. The methodology was validated against established datasets, demonstrating superior performance with a relevance classification accuracy of 90.0% and valence classification accuracy of 91.5%, outperforming both GPT-4 Turbo and task-specific LLMs like Kaleido.

Application to Human Value Measurement

When applied to human-authored blogs, GPV demonstrated its effectiveness by achieving high stability, construct validity, concurrent validity, and predictive validity. The method showed robustness by maintaining consistency between individual-level and perception-level measurements in 87% of the scenarios. The multi-dimensional scaling analysis revealed a close alignment with Schwartz’s value circumplex, supporting the construct validity of GPV.

Moreover, the GPV approach effectively outperformed traditional dictionary-based tools like the Personal Values Dictionary (PVD). It accurately captured nuanced semantic meanings and demonstrated predictive validity concerning socio-demographic traits such as gender, aligning with known statistical trends.

Application to LLMs

Extending GPV to measure AI values represents a novel advancement in the field. By implementing GPV across 17 different LLMs and analyzing against four theoretical value systems, the paper highlights the method’s capability to address common limitations of conventional psychometric questionnaires which are static and inflexible.

The predictive utility of GPV was emphasized through its superior alignment with theoretical expectations and practical relevance, as shown by its ability to predict safety scores of LLMs using generative perception-based value measurements. The paradigm was more effective than traditional questionnaires, which often suffer from response biases.

Implications and Future Directions

The implications of this research are profound both theoretically and practically. By introducing a perceptual, data-driven method to quantify values, GPV provides a flexible, scalable framework that could revolutionize psychological research and contribute to the development of value-aligned AI. It offers a means to dynamically assess values without static inventories, allowing for context-specific insights and adaptation to evolving value systems.

Future research directions include exploring multilingual capabilities of GPV and further refining its application to capture the spectrum of values that LLMs might exhibit under different contexts. There is a need for deeper investigations into the congruence between AI values and human values, potentially informing AI alignment strategies and deepening our understanding of machine ethics.

Conclusion

The introduction of GPV marks a significant step forward in the interdisciplinary endeavor of value measurement. It demonstrates how AI, specifically LLMs, can facilitate next-generation psychometrics, providing a method that is not only theoretically grounded but also practically superior in capturing the complex landscape of human and machine values. The paper charts a pathway for leveraging AI advancements in crafting tools that offer both robust measurement capabilities and nuanced, contextually aware insights into value alignment.

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