Small solutions of generic ternary quadratic congruences to general moduli (2408.15360v2)

Abstract: We study small non-trivial solutions of quadratic congruences of the form $x_1^2+\alpha_2x_2^2+\alpha_3x_3^2\equiv 0 \bmod{q}$, with $q$ being an odd natural number, in an average sense. This extends previous work of the authors in which they considered the case of prime power moduli $q$. Above, $\alpha_2$ is arbitrary but fixed and $\alpha_3$ is variable, and we assume that $(\alpha_2\alpha_3,q)=1$. We show that for all $\alpha_3$ modulo $q$ which are coprime to $q$ except for a small number of $\alpha_3$'s, an asymptotic formula for the number of solutions $(x_1,x_2,x_3)$ to the congruence $x_1^2+\alpha_2x_2^2+\alpha_3x_3^2\equiv 0 \bmod{q}$ with $\max{|x_1|,|x_2|,|x_3|}\le N$ and $(x_3,q)=1$ holds if $N\ge q^{11/24+\varepsilon}$ and $q$ is large enough. It is of significance that we break the barrier 1/2 in the above exponent. Key tools in our work are Burgess's estimate for character sums over short intervals and Heath-Brown's estimate for character sums with binary quadratic forms over small regions whose proofs depend on the Riemann hypothesis for curves over finite fields. We also formulate a refined conjecture about the size of the smallest solution of a ternary quadratic congruence, using information about the Diophantine properties of its coefficients.