Structural Impact of Grid-Forming Inverters on Power System Coherency (2405.09675v1)
Abstract: This paper addresses the following fundamental research question: how does the integration of grid-forming inverters (GFMs) replacing conventional synchronous generators (SGs) impact the slow coherent eigen-structure and the low-frequency oscillatory behavior of future power systems? Due to time-scale separated dynamics, generator states inside a coherent area synchronize over a fast time-scale due to stronger coupling, while the areas themselves synchronize over a slower time scale. Our mathematical analysis shows that due to the large-scale integration of GFMs, the weighted Laplacian structure of the frequency dynamics is preserved, however, the entries of the Laplacian may be significantly modified based on the location and penetration levels of the GFMs. This can impact and potentially significantly alter the coherency structure of the system. We have validated our findings with numerical results using the IEEE 68-bus test system.
- D. Pattabiraman, R. Lasseter, and T. Jahns, “Comparison of grid following and grid forming control for a high inverter penetration power system,” in IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, 2018.
- Y. Lin, J. H. Eto, B. B. Johnson, J. D. Flicker, R. H. Lasseter, H. N. Villegas Pico, G.-S. Seo, B. J. Pierre, and A. Ellis, “Research roadmap on grid-forming inverters,” National Renewable Energy Lab.(NREL), Golden, CO (United States), Tech. Rep., 2020.
- N. Pogaku, M. Prodanovic, and T. C. Green, “Modeling, analysis and testing of autonomous operation of an inverter-based microgrid,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 613–625, 2007.
- R. H. Lasseter, Z. Chen, and D. Pattabiraman, “Grid-forming inverters: A critical asset for the power grid,” IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 925–935, 2019.
- W. Du, Z. Chen, K. P. Schneider, R. H. Lasseter, S. P. Nandanoori, F. K. Tuffner, and S. Kundu, “A Comparative Study of Two Widely Used Grid-forming Droop Controls on Microgrid Small-Signal Stability,” IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 963–975, 2019.
- R. Podmore, “Identification of coherent generators for dynamic equivalents,” IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and Systems, vol. PAS-97, no. 4, pp. 1344–1354, July 1978.
- F. Wu and N. Narasimhamurthi, “Coherency identification for power system dynamic equivalents,” IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 140–147, 1993.
- G. Xu and V. Vittal, “Slow coherency based cutset determination algorithm for large power systems,” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 877–884, May 2010.
- A. Chakrabortty, “Wide-area damping control of power systems using dynamic clustering and tcsc-based redesigns,” IEEE Trans. on Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 1503–1514, Sep. 2012.
- S. Mukherjee, A. Chakrabortty, and S. Babaei, “Modeling and quantifying the impact of wind penetration on slow coherency of power systems,” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 1002–1012, 2020.
- A. M. Khalil and R. Iravani, “Power system coherency identification under high depth of penetration of wind power,” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 5401–5409, 2018.
- K. Chatterjee, S. Nekkalapu et al., “Inter-Area Oscillations in Western Interconnection with High Renewable Energy Penetration and MTDC Macrogrid Configuration,” in 2024 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, 2024, pp. 1–5.
- S. Kundu and K. Kalsi, “Transient safety filter design for grid-forming inverters,” in American Control Conference, 2020, pp. 1299–1304.
- K.-B. Kwon, S. Mukherjee, T. L. Vu, and H. Zhu, “Risk-constrained reinforcement learning for inverter-dominated power system controls,” IEEE Control Systems Letters, vol. 7, pp. 3854–3859, 2023.
- C. Davis and W. M. Kahan, “The rotation of eigenvectors by a perturbation. III,” SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1–46, 1970.
- B. Hunter and T. Strohmer, “Performance analysis of spectral clustering on compressed, incomplete and inaccurate measurements,” arXiv preprint arXiv:1011.0997, 2010.