Papers
Topics
Authors
Recent
Gemini 2.5 Flash
Gemini 2.5 Flash
162 tokens/sec
GPT-4o
7 tokens/sec
Gemini 2.5 Pro Pro
45 tokens/sec
o3 Pro
4 tokens/sec
GPT-4.1 Pro
38 tokens/sec
DeepSeek R1 via Azure Pro
28 tokens/sec
2000 character limit reached

RIS-Assisted Physical Layer Security in Emerging RF and Optical Wireless Communication Systems: A Comprehensive Survey (2403.10412v2)

Published 15 Mar 2024 in cs.IT, eess.SP, and math.IT

Abstract: Physical layer security (PLS) has received a growing interest from the research community for its ability to safeguard data confidentiality without relying on key distribution or encryption/decryption. However, the evolution towards the 5G technology and beyond poses new security challenges that must be addressed in order to fulfill the unprecedented performance requirements of future wireless networks. Among the potential enabling technologies, RIS has attracted extensive attention due to its ability to proactively and intelligently reconfigure the wireless propagation environment to combat dynamic wireless channel impairments. Consequently, the RIS technology can be adopted to improve the information-theoretic security of both RF and OWC systems. This survey paper provides a comprehensive overview of the information-theoretic security of RIS-based RF and optical systems. The article first discusses the fundamental concepts of PLS and RIS technologies, followed by their combination in both RF and OWC systems. Subsequently, some optimization techniques are presented in the context of the underlying system model, followed by an assessment of the impact of RIS-assisted PLS through a comprehensive performance analysis. Given that the computational complexity of future communication systems that adopt RIS-assisted PLS is likely to increase rapidly as the number of interactions between the users and infrastructure grows, ML is seen as a promising approach to address this complexity issue while sustaining or improving the network performance. A discussion of recent research studies on RIS-assisted PLS-based systems embedded with ML is presented. Furthermore, some important open research challenges are proposed and discussed to provide insightful future research directions, with the aim of moving a step closer towards the development and implementation of the forthcoming 6G wireless technology.

Definition Search Book Streamline Icon: https://streamlinehq.com
References (331)
  1. Z. Zhang, Y. Xiao, Z. Ma, M. Xiao, Z. Ding, X. Lei, G. K. Karagiannidis, and P. Fan, “6G wireless networks: Vision, requirements, architecture, and key technologies,” IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag., vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 28–41, Sep. 2019.
  2. W. Saad, M. Bennis, and M. Chen, “A vision of 6G wireless systems: Applications, trends, technologies, and open research problems,” IEEE Netw., vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 134–142, May/June 2020.
  3. H. Tataria, M. Shafi, A. F. Molisch, M. Dohler, H. Sjöland, and F. Tufvesson, “6G wireless systems: Vision, requirements, challenges, insights, and opportunities,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 109, no. 7, pp. 1166–1199, Jul. 2021.
  4. K. B. Letaief, W. Chen, Y. Shi, J. Zhang, and Y.-J. A. Zhang, “The roadmap to 6G: AI empowered wireless networks,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 57, no. 8, pp. 84–90, Aug. 2019.
  5. C.-X. Wang, X. You, X. Gao, X. Zhu, Z. Li, C. Zhang, H. Wang, Y. Huang, Y. Chen, H. Haas, J. S. Thompson, E. G. Larsson, M. Di Renzo, W. Tong, P. Zhu, X. Shen, H. V. Poor, and L. Hanzo, “On the road to 6G: Visions, requirements, key technologies, and testbeds,” IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor., vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 905–974, Secondquarter 2023.
  6. A. Mukherjee, S. A. A. Fakoorian, J. Huang, and A. L. Swindlehurst, “Principles of physical layer security in multiuser wireless networks: A survey,” IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor., vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 1550–1573, Thirdquarter 2014.
  7. M. Ahmed, H. Shi, X. Chen, Y. Li, M. Waqas, and D. Jin, “Socially aware secrecy-ensured resource allocation in D2D underlay communication: An overlapping coalitional game scheme,” IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 4118–4133, Jun. 2018.
  8. Y. Wu, A. Khisti, C. Xiao, G. Caire, K.-K. Wong, and X. Gao, “A survey of physical layer security techniques for 5G wireless networks and challenges ahead,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 679–695, Apr. 2018.
  9. D. Wang, B. Bai, W. Zhao, and Z. Han, “A survey of optimization approaches for wireless physical layer security,” IEEE Commun. Surv. Tut., vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 1878–1911, 2nd Quart. 2019.
  10. Y.-S. Shiu, S. Y. Chang, H.-C. Wu, S. C.-H. Huang, and H.-H. Chen, “Physical layer security in wireless networks: A tutorial,” IEEE Wireless Commun., vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 66–74, Apr. 2011.
  11. J. M. Moualeu, P. C. Sofotasios, D. B. da Costa, S. Muhaidat, W. Hamouda, and U. S. Dias, “Physical-layer security of SIMO communication systems over multipath fading conditions,” IEEE Trans. Sustain. Comput., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 105–118, Jan.-Mar. 2021.
  12. M. H. Khoshafa, J. M. Moualeu, T. M. Ngatched, and M. H. Ahmed, “On the performance of secure underlay cognitive radio networks with energy harvesting and dual-antenna selection,” IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 1815–1819, Jun. 2021.
  13. Y. Feng, S. Yan, Z. Yang, N. Yang, and J. Yuan, “User and relay selection with artificial noise to enhance physical layer security,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 67, no. 11, pp. 10 906–10 920, Nov. 2018.
  14. L. Hu, H. Wen, B. Wu, F. Pan, R.-F. Liao, H. Song, J. Tang, and X. Wang, “Cooperative jamming for physical layer security enhancement in internet of things,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 219–228, Feb. 2018.
  15. M. H. Khoshafa, T. M. Ngatched, M. H. Ahmed, and A. Ibrahim, “Improving physical layer security of cellular networks using full-duplex jamming relay-aided D2D communications,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 53 575–53 586, 2020.
  16. M. H. Khoshafa, T. M. Ngatched, and M. H. Ahmed, “Relay selection for improving physical layer security in D2D underlay communications,” IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 95 539–95 552, 2022.
  17. F. Zhu and M. Yao, “Improving physical-layer security for CRNs using SINR-based cooperative beamforming,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 65, no. 3, pp. 1835–1841, Mar. 2016.
  18. A. Kalantari, M. Soltanalian, S. Maleki, S. Chatzinotas, and B. Ottersten, “Directional modulation via symbol-level precoding: A way to enhance security,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process., vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 1478–1493, Dec. 2016.
  19. A. Khisti and G. W. Wornell, “Secure transmission with multiple antennas-part II: The MIMOME wiretap channel,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 56, no. 11, pp. 5515–5532, Nov. 2010.
  20. C. Huang, A. Zappone, G. C. Alexandropoulos, M. Debbah, and C. Yuen, “Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces for energy efficiency in wireless communication,” IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., vol. 18, no. 8, pp. 4157–4170, Aug. 2019.
  21. W. Tang, M. Z. Chen, X. Chen, J. Y. Dai, Y. Han, M. Di Renzo, Y. Zeng, S. Jin, Q. Cheng, and T. J. Cui, “Wireless communications with reconfigurable intelligent surface: Path loss modeling and experimental measurement,” IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 421–439, Jan. 2021.
  22. M. Di Renzo, A. Zappone, M. Debbah, M.-S. Alouini, C. Yuen, J. de Rosny, and S. Tretyakov, “Smart radio environments empowered by reconfigurable intelligent surfaces: How it works, state of research, and the road ahead,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 38, no. 11, pp. 2450–2525, Nov. 2020.
  23. Q. Wu and R. Zhang, “Towards smart and reconfigurable environment: Intelligent reflecting surface aided wireless network,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 106–112, Jan. 2020.
  24. K. Feng, X. Li, Y. Han, S. Jin, and Y. Chen, “Physical layer security enhancement exploiting intelligent reflecting surface,” IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 734–738, Mar. 2021.
  25. X. Yu, D. Xu, Y. Sun, D. W. K. Ng, and R. Schober, “Robust and secure wireless communications via intelligent reflecting surfaces,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 38, no. 11, pp. 2637–2652, Nov. 2020.
  26. A. Almohamad, A. M. Tahir, A. Al-Kababji, H. M. Furqan, T. Khattab, M. O. Hasna, and H. Arslan, “Smart and secure wireless communications via reflecting intelligent surfaces: A short survey,” IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc., vol. 1, pp. 1442–1456, 2020.
  27. Y. Ge and J. Fan, “Robust secure beamforming for intelligent reflecting surface assisted full-duplex MISO systems,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur., vol. 17, pp. 253–264, 2022.
  28. M. T. Mamaghani and Y. Hong, “Terahertz meets untrusted UAV-relaying: Minimum secrecy energy efficiency maximization via trajectory and communication co-design,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 71, no. 5, pp. 4991–5006, May 2022.
  29. C. G. Ruiz, A. Pascual-Iserte, and O. Muñoz, “Analysis of blocking in mmWave cellular systems: Application to relay positioning,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 1329–1342, Feb. 2021.
  30. M. H. Khoshafa, T. M. Ngatched, and M. H. Ahmed, “On the physical layer security of underlay multihop device-to-device relaying,” in 2019 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), 2019, pp. 1–6.
  31. G. Pan, J. Ye, C. Zhang, J. An, H. Lei, Z. Ding, and M. S. Alouini, “Secure cooperative hybrid VLC-RF systems,” IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., vol. 19, no. 11, pp. 7097–7107, Nov. 2020.
  32. S. Aboagye, T. M. N. Ngatched, O. A. Dobre, and A. G. Armada, “Energy efficient subchannel and power allocation in cooperative VLC systems,” IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 1935–1939, Jun. 2021.
  33. A. A. F. Osman, J. M. Moualeu, and F. Takawira, “Secrecy performance of uplink MIMO-NOMA with antenna selection in a mixed RF-FSO system,” in 2023 6th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technologies and Networking (CommNet), 2023, pp. 1–6.
  34. F. Naeem, G. Kaddoum, S. Khan, K. S. Khan, and N. Adam, “IRS-empowered 6G networks: Deployment strategies, performance optimization, and future research directions,” IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 118 676–118 696, Nov. 2022.
  35. A. C. Pogaku, D.-T. Do, B. M. Lee, and N. D. Nguyen, “UAV-assisted RIS for future wireless communications: A survey on optimization and performance analysis,” IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 16 320–16 336, 2022.
  36. S. Aboagye, A. R. Ndjiongue, T. M. N. Ngatched, O. A. Dobre, and H. V. Poor, “RIS-assisted visible light communication systems: A tutorial,” IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 251–288, Firstquarter 2023.
  37. F. Naeem, M. Ali, G. Kaddoum, C. Huang, and C. Yuen, “Security and privacy for reconfigurable intelligent surface in 6G: A review of prospective applications and challenges,” IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc., vol. 4, pp. 1196–1217, 2023.
  38. W. Khalid, M. A. U. Rehman, T. Van Chien, Z. Kaleem, H. Lee, and H. Yu, “Reconfigurable intelligent surface for physical layer security in 6G-IoT: Designs, issues, and advances,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 3599–3613, Jul. 2023.
  39. R. Kaur, B. Bansal, S. Majhi, S. Jain, C. Huang, and C. Yuen, “A survey on reconfigurable intelligent surface for physical layer security of next-generation wireless communications,” IEEE Open J. Veh. Technol., vol. 5, pp. 172–199, 2024.
  40. N. Yang, L. Wang, G. Geraci, M. Elkashlan, J. Yuan, and M. Di Renzo, “Safeguarding 5G wireless communication networks using physical layer security,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 20–27, 2015.
  41. C. E. Shannon, “Communication theory of secrecy systems,” Bell Sys. Tech. J., vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 656–715, 1949.
  42. A. D. Wyner, “The wire-tap channel,” Bell Sys. Tech. J., vol. 54, no. 8, pp. 1355–1387, 1975.
  43. R. Liu, T. Liu, H. V. Poor, and S. Shamai, “New results on multiple-input multiple-output broadcast channels with confidential messages,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 1346–1359, Mar. 2013.
  44. D. Kapetanovic, G. Zheng, and F. Rusek, “Physical layer security for massive MIMO: An overview on passive eavesdropping and active attacks,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 53, no. 6, pp. 21–27, Jun. 2015.
  45. P. K. Gopala, L. Lai, and H. El Gamal, “On the secrecy capacity of fading channels,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 54, no. 10, pp. 4687–4698, Oct. 2008.
  46. J. Barros and M. R. Rodrigues, “Secrecy capacity of wireless channels,” in Proc. IEEE ISIT, Seattle, Jul. 2006, pp. 356–360.
  47. M. Bloch, J. Barros, M. R. Rodrigues, and S. W. McLaughlin, “Wireless information-theoretic security,” IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 2515–2534, Jun. 2008.
  48. N. Yang, P. L. Yeoh, M. Elkashlan, R. Schober, and I. B. Collings, “Transmit antenna selection for security enhancement in MIMO wiretap channels,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 144–154, Jan. 2013.
  49. Y. Zou, J. Zhu, X. Wang, and V. C. Leung, “Improving physical-layer security in wireless communications using diversity techniques,” IEEE Netw., vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 42–48, Feb. 2015.
  50. Y. Zou, X. Wang, and W. Shen, “Optimal relay selection for physical-layer security in cooperative wireless networks,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 31, no. 10, pp. 2099–2111, Oct. 2013.
  51. S. Yan, N. Yang, G. Geraci, R. Malaney, and J. Yuan, “Optimization of code rates in SISOME wiretap channels,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 14, no. 11, pp. 6377–6388, Nov. 2015.
  52. S. Goel and R. Negi, “Guaranteeing secrecy using artificial noise,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 7, no. 6, pp. 2180–2189, Jun. 2008.
  53. H.-M. Wang, Q. Yin, and X.-G. Xia, “Distributed beamforming for physical-layer security of two-way relay networks,” IEEE Trans. Signal Proc., vol. 60, no. 7, pp. 3532–3545, Jul. 2012.
  54. W. K. Harrison, J. Almeida, M. R. Bloch, S. W. McLaughlin, and J. Barros, “Coding for secrecy: An overview of error-control coding techniques for physical-layer security,” IEEE Signal Proc. Mag., vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 41–50, Sep. 2013.
  55. K. Zeng, “Physical layer key generation in wireless networks: challenges and opportunities,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 53, no. 6, pp. 33–39, Jun. 2015.
  56. L. Hu, S. Tan, H. Wen, J. Wu, J. Fan, S. Chen, and J. Tang, “Interference alignment for physical layer security in multi-user networks with passive eavesdroppers,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Security, vol. 18, pp. 3692–3705, 2023.
  57. M. H. Khoshafa, T. M. Ngatched, and M. H. Ahmed, “On the physical layer security of underlay relay-aided device-to-device communications,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 69, no. 7, pp. 7609–7621, Jul. 2020.
  58. M. H. Khoshafa, T. M. Ngatched, M. H. Ahmed, and A. Ibrahim, “Secure transmission in wiretap channels using full-duplex relay-aided D2D communications with outdated CSI,” IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett., vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 1216–1220, Aug. 2020.
  59. F. Jameel, S. Wyne, G. Kaddoum, and T. Q. Duong, “A comprehensive survey on cooperative relaying and jamming strategies for physical layer security,” IEEE Commun. Surv. Tut., vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 2734–2771, 3rd Quart. 2019.
  60. M. H. Khoshafa, T. M. Ngatched, M. H. Ahmed, and A. Ibrahim, “Enhancing physical layer security using underlay full-duplex relay-aided D2D communications,” in IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), 2020, pp. 1–7.
  61. M. H. Khoshafa, T. M. Ngatched, and M. H. Ahmed, “Secure transmission in underlay D2D communications using optimal relay selection,” in IEEE 92nd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC2020-Fall), 2020, pp. 1–6.
  62. E. Basar, M. Di Renzo, J. De Rosny, M. Debbah, M.-S. Alouini, and R. Zhang, “Wireless communications through reconfigurable intelligent surfaces,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 116 753–116 773, 2019.
  63. C. Liaskos, S. Nie, A. Tsioliaridou, A. Pitsillides, S. Ioannidis, and I. Akyildiz, “A new wireless communication paradigm through software-controlled metasurfaces,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 56, no. 9, pp. 162–169, Sept. 2018.
  64. J. Xu, C. Yuen, C. Huang, N. Ul Hassan, G. C. Alexandropoulos, M. Di Renzo, and M. Debbah, “Reconfiguring wireless environments via intelligent surfaces for 6G: Reflection, modulation, and security,” Sci. China Inf. Sci., vol. 66, no. 3, p. 130304, Feb. 2023.
  65. R. K. Fotock, A. Zappone, and M. Di Renzo, “Energy efficiency optimization in RIS-aided wireless networks: Active versus nearly-passive RIS with global reflection constraints,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 257–272, Jan. 2024.
  66. F. Boccardi, R. W. Heath, A. Lozano, T. L. Marzetta, and P. Popovski, “Five disruptive technology directions for 5G,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 74–80, Feb. 2014.
  67. Y. Liu, X. Liu, X. Mu, T. Hou, J. Xu, M. Di Renzo, and N. Al-Dhahir, “Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces: Principles and opportunities,” IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 1546–1577, Thirdquarter 2021.
  68. C. Huang, S. Hu, G. C. Alexandropoulos, A. Zappone, C. Yuen, R. Zhang, M. Di Renzo, and M. Debbah, “Holographic MIMO surfaces for 6G wireless networks: Opportunities, challenges, and trends,” IEEE Wirel. Commun., vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 118–125, 2020.
  69. C. Pan, G. Zhou, K. Zhi, S. Hong, T. Wu, Y. Pan, H. Ren, M. Di Renzo, A. L. Swindlehurst, R. Zhang et al., “An overview of signal processing techniques for RIS/IRS-aided wireless systems,” IEEE J. Sel. Topics Signal Process., vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 883–917, Aug. 2022.
  70. C. Pan, H. Ren, K. Wang, W. Xu, M. Elkashlan, A. Nallanathan, and L. Hanzo, “Multicell MIMO communications relying on intelligent reflecting surfaces,” IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 5218–5233, Aug. 2020.
  71. P. Wang, J. Fang, X. Yuan, Z. Chen, and H. Li, “Intelligent reflecting surface-assisted millimeter wave communications: Joint active and passive precoding design,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 69, no. 12, pp. 14 960–14 973, Dec. 2020.
  72. F. H. Danufane, M. Di Renzo, J. de Rosny, and S. Tretyakov, “On the path-loss of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces: An approach based on green’s theorem applied to vector fields,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 69, no. 8, pp. 5573–5592, Aug. 2021.
  73. M. Di Renzo, K. Ntontin, J. Song, F. H. Danufane, X. Qian, F. Lazarakis, J. De Rosny, D.-T. Phan-Huy, O. Simeone, R. Zhang, M. Debbah, G. Lerosey, M. Fink, S. Tretyakov, and S. Shamai, “Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces vs. relaying: Differences, similarities, and performance comparison,” IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc., vol. 1, pp. 798–807, 2020.
  74. M. H. Khoshafa, T. M. Ngatched, M. H. Ahmed, and A. R. Ndjiongue, “Active reconfigurable intelligent surfaces-aided wireless communication system,” IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 25, no. 11, pp. 3699–3703, Nov. Sep. 2021.
  75. D. Xu, X. Yu, D. W. Kwan Ng, and R. Schober, “Resource allocation for active IRS-assisted multiuser communication systems,” in 2021 55th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers, 2021, pp. 113–119.
  76. Z. Zhang, L. Dai, X. Chen, C. Liu, F. Yang, R. Schober, and H. V. Poor, “Active RIS vs. passive RIS: Which will prevail in 6G?” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 1707–1725, Mar. 2023.
  77. R. Long, Y.-C. Liang, Y. Pei, and E. G. Larsson, “Active reconfigurable intelligent surface-aided wireless communications,” IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 4962–4975, Aug. 2021.
  78. S. Abeywickrama, R. Zhang, and C. Yuen, “Intelligent reflecting surface: Practical phase shift model and beamforming optimization,” in ICC 2020 - 2020 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), 2020, pp. 1–6.
  79. S. Shen, B. Clerckx, and R. Murch, “Modeling and architecture design of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces using scattering parameter network analysis,” IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 1229–1243, Feb. 2022.
  80. H. Li, S. Shen, M. Nerini, M. Di Renzo, and B. Clerckx, “Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces with mutual coupling: Modeling and optimization,” IEEE Commun. Lett., pp. 1–1, early access, 2024.
  81. J. Xu, Y. Liu, X. Mu, J. T. Zhou, L. Song, H. V. Poor, and L. Hanzo, “Simultaneously transmitting and reflecting intelligent omni-surfaces: Modeling and implementation,” IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 46–54, June 2022.
  82. S. Zhang, H. Zhang, B. Di, Y. Tan, Z. Han, and L. Song, “Beyond intelligent reflecting surfaces: Reflective-transmissive metasurface aided communications for full-dimensional coverage extension,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 69, no. 11, pp. 13 905–13 909, 2020.
  83. H. Zhang, S. Zeng, B. Di, Y. Tan, M. Di Renzo, M. Debbah, Z. Han, H. V. Poor, and L. Song, “Intelligent omni-surfaces for full-dimensional wireless communications: Principles, technology, and implementation,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 39–45, Feb. 2022.
  84. Y. Liu, X. Mu, J. Xu, R. Schober, Y. Hao, H. V. Poor, and L. Hanzo, “STAR: Simultaneous transmission and reflection for 360 coverage by intelligent surfaces,” IEEE Wirel. Commun., vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 102–109, Dec. 2021.
  85. Y. Zhang, Z. Yang, J. Cui, P. Xu, G. Chen, Y. Wu, and M. Di Renzo, “STAR-RIS assisted secure transmission for downlink multi-carrier NOMA networks,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Security, vol. 18, pp. 5788–5803, Sep. 2023.
  86. T. V. Nguyen, H. D. Le, and A. T. Pham, “On the design of RIS-UAV relay-assisted hybrid FSO/RF satellite-aerial-ground integrated network,” IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 757–771, Apr. 2023.
  87. R. Alghamdi, R. Alhadrami, D. Alhothali, H. Almorad, A. Faisal, S. Helal, R. Shalabi, R. Asfour, N. Hammad, A. Shams, N. Saeed, H. Dahrouj, T. Y. Al-Naffouri, and M.-S. Alouini, “Intelligent surfaces for 6G wireless networks: A survey of optimization and performance analysis techniques,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 202 795–202 818, 2020.
  88. X. Yu, V. Jamali, D. Xu, D. W. K. Ng, and R. Schober, “Smart and reconfigurable wireless communications: From IRS modeling to algorithm design,” IEEE Wirel. Commun., vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 118–125, Dec. 2021.
  89. S. Zeng, H. Zhang, B. Di, H. Qin, X. Su, and L. Song, “Reconfigurable refractive surfaces: An energy-efficient way to holographic MIMO,” IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 26, no. 10, pp. 2490–2494, Oct. 2022.
  90. Z.-Q. He and X. Yuan, “Cascaded channel estimation for large intelligent metasurface assisted massive MIMO,” IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 210–214, Feb. 2020.
  91. Q. Wu and R. Zhang, “Intelligent reflecting surface enhanced wireless network via joint active and passive beamforming,” IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., vol. 18, no. 11, pp. 5394–5409, Nov. 2019.
  92. Q. Wu, S. Zhang, B. Zheng, C. You, and R. Zhang, “Intelligent reflecting surface-aided wireless communications: A tutorial,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 69, no. 5, pp. 3313–3351, May 2021.
  93. C. You, B. Zheng, W. Mei, and R. Zhang, “How to deploy intelligent reflecting surfaces in wireless network: BS-side, user-side, or both sides?” J. Commun. Inf. Netw., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1–10, Mar. 2022.
  94. Y. Cheng, K. H. Li, Y. Liu, K. C. Teh, and H. Vincent Poor, “Downlink and uplink intelligent reflecting surface aided networks: NOMA and OMA,” IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 3988–4000, Jun. 2021.
  95. G. Yang, X. Xu, Y.-C. Liang, and M. Di Renzo, “Reconfigurable intelligent surface-assisted non-orthogonal multiple access,” IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 3137–3151, May 2021.
  96. Y. Cheng, K. H. Li, Y. Liu, K. C. Teh, and G. K. Karagiannidis, “Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) with multiple intelligent reflecting surfaces,” IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., vol. 20, no. 11, pp. 7184–7195, Nov. 2021.
  97. Z. Ding and H. Vincent Poor, “A simple design of IRS-NOMA transmission,” IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 1119–1123, May 2020.
  98. J. An, C. Yuen, C. Xu, H. Li, D. W. K. Ng, M. Di Renzo, M. Debbah, and L. Hanzo, “Stacked intelligent metasurface-aided MIMO transceiver design,” Nov. 2023.
  99. N. U. Hassan, J. An, M. Di Renzo, M. Debbah, and C. Yuen, “Efficient beamforming and radiation pattern control using stacked intelligent metasurfaces,” IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc., vol. 5, pp. 599–611, 2024.
  100. M. A. Khalighi and M. Uysal, “Survey on free space optical communication: A communication theory perspective,” IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor., vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 2231–2258, Fourthquarter 2014.
  101. S. Al-Ahmadi, O. Maraqa, M. Uysal, and S. M. Sait, “Multi-user visible light communications: State-of-the-art and future directions,” IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 70 555–70 571, 2018.
  102. O. Maraqa, U. F. Siddiqi, S. Al-Ahmadi, and S. M. Sait, “On the achievable max-min user rates in multi-carrier centralized NOMA-VLC networks,” Sensors, vol. 21, no. 11, p. 3705, May 2021.
  103. A. M. Abdelhady, A. K. S. Salem, O. Amin, B. Shihada, and M.-S. Alouini, “Visible light communications via intelligent reflecting surfaces: Metasurfaces vs mirror arrays,” IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc., vol. 2, pp. 1–20, 2021.
  104. M. Najafi and R. Schober, “Intelligent reflecting surfaces for free space optical communications,” in 2019 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), 2019, pp. 1–7.
  105. H. Abumarshoud, L. Mohjazi, O. A. Dobre, M. Di Renzo, M. A. Imran, and H. Haas, “LiFi through reconfigurable intelligent surfaces: A new frontier for 6G?” IEEE Veh. Technol. Mag., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 37–46, Mar. 2021.
  106. H. Abumarshoud, C. Chen, I. Tavakkolnia, H. Haas, and M. A. Imran, “Intelligent reflecting surfaces for enhanced physical layer security in NOMA VLC systems,” in IEEE Int. Conf. Commun. (ICC 2023), Jun. 2023, pp. 3284–3289.
  107. S. Sun, F. Yang, J. Song, and Z. Han, “Optimization on multiuser physical layer security of intelligent reflecting surface-aided VLC,” IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett., vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 1344–1348, Jul. 2022.
  108. D. A. Saifaldeen, B. S. Ciftler, M. M. Abdallah, and K. A. Qaraqe, “DRL-based IRS-assisted secure visible light communications,” IEEE Photonics J., vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 1–9, Dec. 2022.
  109. L. Qian, X. Chi, L. Zhao, and A. Chaaban, “Secure visible light communications via intelligent reflecting surfaces,” in IEEE Int. Conf. Commun. (ICC 2021), Jun. 2021, pp. 1–6.
  110. S. Soderi, A. Brighente, F. Turrin, and M. Conti, “VLC physical layer security through RIS-aided jamming receiver for 6G wireless networks,” in 2022 19th Annual IEEE International Conference on Sensing, Communication, and Networking (SECON), Sep. 2022, pp. 370–378.
  111. X. Zhao and J. Sun, “Secure reconfigurable intelligent surface aided heterogeneous VLC–RF cooperative NOMA networks,” Opt. Commun., vol. 511, p. 127983, May 2022.
  112. W. Zhang, X. Zhao, and G. Jiang, “Physical layer security for intelligent reflecting surface-assisted VLC/RF hybrid network,” in IEEE 2022 14th International Conference on Communication Software and Networks (ICCSN), Jun. 2022, pp. 23–27.
  113. W. Zhang, X. Zhao, Y. Zhao, and J. Sun, “On security performance analysis of IRS-aided VLC/RF hybrid system,” Phys. Commun., vol. 61, p. 102176, Dec. 2023.
  114. D. Wang, M. Wu, Z. Wei, K. Yu, L. Min, and S. Mumtaz, “Uplink secrecy performance of RIS-based RF/FSO three-dimension heterogeneous networks,” IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., pp. 1–1, early access, 2023.
  115. M. M. Rahman, A. Badrudduza, N. A. Sarker, M. Ibrahim, and I. S. Ansari, “RIS-aided mixed RF-FSO wireless networks: Secrecy performance analysis with simultaneous eavesdropping,” IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 126 507–126 523, 2023.
  116. A. R. Ndjiongue, T. M. N. Ngatched, O. A. Dobre, and H. Haas, “Digital RIS (DRIS): The future of digital beam management in RIS-assisted OWC systems,” J. Light. Technol., vol. 40, no. 16, pp. 5597–5604, Aug. 2022.
  117. O. Maraqa, S. Aboagye, and T. M. N. Ngatched, “Optical STAR-RIS-aided VLC systems: RSMA versus NOMA,” IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc., vol. 5, pp. 430–441, 2024.
  118. S. Aboagye, T. M. N. Ngatched, A. R. Ndjiongue, O. A. Dobre, and H. Shin, “Liquid crystal-based RIS for VLC transmitters: Performance analysis, challenges, and opportunities,” IEEE Wirel. Commun., pp. 1–1, early access, 2023.
  119. O. Maraqa and T. M. N. Ngatched, “Optimized design of joint mirror array and liquid crystal-based RIS-aided VLC systems,” IEEE Photonics J., vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 1–11, Aug. 2023.
  120. S. Sun, F. Yang, J. Song, and Z. Han, “Joint resource management for intelligent reflecting surface-aided visible light communications,” IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., vol. 21, no. 8, pp. 6508–6522, Aug. 2022.
  121. N. Yang, S. Yan, J. Yuan, R. Malaney, R. Subramanian, and I. Land, “Artificial noise: Transmission optimization in multi-input single-output wiretap channels,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 63, no. 5, pp. 1771–1783, May 2015.
  122. P.-H. Lin, S.-H. Lai, S.-C. Lin, and H.-J. Su, “On secrecy rate of the generalized artificial-noise assisted secure beamforming for wiretap channels,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 31, no. 9, pp. 1728–1740, Sep. 2013.
  123. X. Guan, Q. Wu, and R. Zhang, “Intelligent reflecting surface assisted secrecy communication: Is artificial noise helpful or not?” IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett., vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 778–782, Jun. 2020.
  124. S. Arzykulov, A. Celik, G. Nauryzbayev, and A. M. Eltawil, “Artificial noise and RIS-aided physical layer security: Optimal RIS partitioning and power control,” IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett., vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 992–996, Jun. 2023.
  125. Z. Zhang, C. Zhang, C. Jiang, F. Jia, J. Ge, and F. Gong, “Improving physical layer security for reconfigurable intelligent surface aided NOMA 6G networks,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 70, no. 5, pp. 4451–4463, May 2021.
  126. Y. Han, N. Li, Y. Liu, T. Zhang, and X. Tao, “Artificial noise aided secure NOMA communications in STAR-RIS networks,” IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett., vol. 11, no. 6, pp. 1191–1195, Jun. 2022.
  127. S. Hong, C. Pan, H. Ren, K. Wang, and A. Nallanathan, “Artificial-noise-aided secure MIMO wireless communications via intelligent reflecting surface,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 68, no. 12, pp. 7851–7866, Dec. 2020.
  128. J. Li, S. Xu, J. Liu, Y. Cao, and W. Gao, “Reconfigurable intelligent surface enhanced secure aerial-ground communication,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 69, no. 9, pp. 6185–6197, Sep. 2021.
  129. J. Luo, F. Wang, S. Wang, H. Wang, and D. Wang, “Reconfigurable intelligent surface: Reflection design against passive eavesdropping,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 3350–3364, May 2021.
  130. C. Jeong, I.-M. Kim, and D. I. Kim, “Joint secure beamforming design at the source and the relay for an amplify-and-forward MIMO untrusted relay system,” IEEE Trans. Signal Proce., vol. 60, no. 1, pp. 310–325, Jan. 2012.
  131. X. Chen, D. W. K. Ng, W. H. Gerstacker, and H.-H. Chen, “A survey on multiple-antenna techniques for physical layer security,” IEEE Commun. Surveys Tut., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 1027–1053, 2nd Quart. 2017.
  132. X. Pei, H. Yin, L. Tan, L. Cao, Z. Li, K. Wang, K. Zhang, and E. Björnson, “RIS-aided wireless communications: Prototyping, adaptive beamforming, and indoor/outdoor field trials,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 69, no. 12, pp. 8627–8640, Dec. 2021.
  133. Y. He, Y. Cai, H. Mao, and G. Yu, “RIS-assisted communication radar coexistence: Joint beamforming design and analysis,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 40, no. 7, pp. 2131–2145, Jul. 2022.
  134. C. Huang, Z. Yang, G. C. Alexandropoulos, K. Xiong, L. Wei, C. Yuen, Z. Zhang, and M. Debbah, “Multi-hop RIS-empowered Terahertz communications: A DRL-based hybrid beamforming design,” IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 1663–1677, Jun. 2021.
  135. S. Hu, Z. Wei, Y. Cai, C. Liu, D. W. K. Ng, and J. Yuan, “Robust and secure sum-rate maximization for multiuser MISO downlink systems with self-sustainable IRS,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 69, no. 10, pp. 7032–7049, Oct. 2021.
  136. S. Li, B. Duo, M. Di Renzo, M. Tao, and X. Yuan, “Robust secure UAV communications with the aid of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 20, no. 10, pp. 6402–6417, Oct. 2021.
  137. J. Liu, J. Zhang, Q. Zhang, J. Wang, and X. Sun, “Secrecy rate analysis for reconfigurable intelligent surface-assisted MIMO communications with statistical CSI,” China Communications, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 52–62, Mar. 2021.
  138. Z. Yang, W. Xu, C. Huang, J. Shi, and M. Shikh-Bahaei, “Beamforming design for multiuser transmission through reconfigurable intelligent surface,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 69, no. 1, pp. 589–601, Jan. 2020.
  139. Y. Sun, K. An, Y. Zhu, G. Zheng, K.-K. Wong, S. Chatzinotas, H. Yin, and P. Liu, “RIS-assisted robust hybrid beamforming against simultaneous jamming and eavesdropping attacks,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 9212–9231, Nov. 2022.
  140. Z. Cheng, N. Li, J. Zhu, X. She, C. Ouyang, and P. Chen, “RIS-assisted secure communications: Low-complexity beamforming design,” IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett., vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 1012–1016, Jun. 2023.
  141. X. Lu, W. Yang, X. Guan, Q. Wu, and Y. Cai, “Robust and secure beamforming for intelligent reflecting surface aided mmWave MISO systems,” IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett., vol. 9, no. 12, pp. 2068–2072, Dec. 2020.
  142. A. Rafieifar, H. Ahmadinejad, S. M. Razavizadeh, and J. He, “Secure beamforming in multi-user multi-IRS millimeter wave systems,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 22, no. 9, pp. 6140–6156, Jan. 2023.
  143. N. Ye, X. Zhuo, J. Li, B. Di, and J. An, “Secure directional modulation in RIS-aided networks: A low-sidelobe hybrid beamforming approach,” IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett., vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 1753–1757, Aug. 2022.
  144. X. Tang, X. Lan, D. Zhai, R. Zhang, and Z. Han, “Securing wireless transmissions with RIS-receiver coordination: Passive beamforming and active jamming,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 70, no. 6, pp. 6260–6265, Jun. 2021.
  145. K.-W. Huang, H.-M. Wang, and L. Yang, “Smart jamming using reconfigurable intelligent surface: Asymptotic analysis and optimization,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., Jun. 2023.
  146. Z. Wang, X. Zhao, J. Tang, N. Zhao, D. K. So, X. Y. Zhang, and K.-K. Wong, “Zero-forcing beamforming for RIS-enhanced secure transmission,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 72, no. 10, pp. 13 666–13 670, Oct. 2023.
  147. Q. Wang, F. Zhou, R. Q. Hu, and Y. Qian, “Energy efficient robust beamforming and cooperative jamming design for IRS-assisted MISO networks,” IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 2592–2607, Dec. 2020.
  148. X. Tang, D. Wang, R. Zhang, Z. Chu, and Z. Han, “Jamming mitigation via aerial reconfigurable intelligent surface: Passive beamforming and deployment optimization,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 70, no. 6, pp. 6232–6237, Jun. 2021.
  149. Z. Ma, Y. Wu, M. Xiao, G. Liu, and Z. Zhang, “Interference suppression for railway wireless communication systems: A reconfigurable intelligent surface approach,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 70, no. 11, pp. 11 593–11 603, Nov. 2021.
  150. H. Yang, Z. Xiong, J. Zhao, D. Niyato, Q. Wu, H. V. Poor, and M. Tornatore, “Intelligent reflecting surface assisted anti-jamming communications: A fast reinforcement learning approach,” IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 1963–1974, Nov. 2020.
  151. Y. Wu, J. Luo, W. Chen, and S. Wang, “Passive secure communications based on reconfigurable intelligent surface,” IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 472–476, Feb. 2023.
  152. X. Tang, H. He, L. Dong, L. Li, Q. Du, and Z. Han, “Robust secrecy via aerial reflection and jamming: Joint optimization of deployment and transmission,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 10, no. 14, pp. 12 562–12 576, Jul. 2023.
  153. X. Yuan, S. Hu, W. Ni, R. P. Liu, and X. Wang, “Joint user, channel, modulation-coding selection, and RIS configuration for jamming resistance in multiuser OFDMA systems,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 1631–1645, Mar. 2023.
  154. M. Cui, G. Zhang, and R. Zhang, “Secure wireless communication via intelligent reflecting surface,” IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett., vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 1410–1414, Oct. 2019.
  155. H. Ren, X. Liu, C. Pan, Z. Peng, and J. Wang, “Performance analysis for RIS-aided secure massive MIMO systems with statistical CSI,” IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett., vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 124–128, Nov. 2022.
  156. J. Li, L. Zhang, K. Xue, Y. Fang, and Q. Sun, “Secure transmission by leveraging multiple intelligent reflecting surfaces in MISO systems,” IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput., vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 2387–2401, Sep. 2023.
  157. H. Niu, X. Lei, Y. Xiao, M. Xiao, and S. Mumtaz, “On the efficient design of RIS-assisted secure MISO transmission,” IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett., vol. 11, no. 8, pp. 1664–1668, Apr. 2022.
  158. Y. Liu, J. Yang, K. Huang, X. Sun, and Y. Wang, “Secure wireless communications in the multi-user MISO interference channel assisted by multiple reconfigurable intelligent surfaces,” J. Commun. Netw., vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 530–540, Aug. 2022.
  159. G. Zhou, C. Pan, H. Ren, K. Wang, and Z. Peng, “Secure wireless communication in RIS-aided MISO system with hardware impairments,” IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett., vol. 10, no. 6, pp. 1309–1313, Mar. 2021.
  160. K. Feng, X. Li, Y. Han, S. Jin, and Y. Chen, “Physical layer security enhancement exploiting intelligent reflecting surface,” IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 734–738, Dec. 2020.
  161. H. Shen, W. Xu, S. Gong, Z. He, and C. Zhao, “Secrecy rate maximization for intelligent reflecting surface assisted multi-antenna communications,” IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 23, no. 9, pp. 1488–1492, Jun. 2019.
  162. J. Chen, Y.-C. Liang, Y. Pei, and H. Guo, “Intelligent reflecting surface: A programmable wireless environment for physical layer security,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 82 599–82 612, Jun. 2019.
  163. Z. Chu, W. Hao, P. Xiao, and J. Shi, “Intelligent reflecting surface aided multi-antenna secure transmission,” IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 108–112, Sep. 2019.
  164. G. C. Alexandropoulos, K. D. Katsanos, M. Wen, and D. B. Da Costa, “Counteracting eavesdropper attacks through reconfigurable intelligent surfaces: A new threat model and secrecy rate optimization,” IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc., vol. 4, pp. 1285–1302, Jun. 2023.
  165. Y. Sun, K. An, C. Li, Z. Lin, H. Niu, D. W. K. Ng, J. Wang, and N. Al-Dhahir, “Joint transmissive and reflective RIS-aided secure MIMO systems design under spatially-correlated angular uncertainty and coupled PSEs,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur., vol. 18, pp. 3606–3621, Jun. 2023.
  166. L. Chai, L. Bai, T. Bai, J. Shi, and A. Nallanathan, “Secure RIS-aided MISO-NOMA system design in the presence of active eavesdropping,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 10, no. 22, pp. 19 479–19 494, Nov. 2023.
  167. J. Zhang, H. Du, Q. Sun, B. Ai, and D. W. K. Ng, “Physical layer security enhancement with reconfigurable intelligent surface-aided networks,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur., vol. 16, pp. 3480–3495, May 2021.
  168. W. Jiang, Y. Zhang, J. Wu, W. Feng, and Y. Jin, “Intelligent reflecting surface assisted secure wireless communications with multiple-transmit and multiple-receive antennas,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 86 659–86 673, May 2020.
  169. Z. Li, Q. Lin, Y.-C. Wu, D. W. K. Ng, and A. Nallanathan, “Enhancing physical layer security with RIS under multi-antenna eavesdroppers and spatially correlated channel uncertainties,” IEEE Trans. Commun., pp. 1–1, early access, 2023.
  170. W. Shi, J. Xu, W. Xu, C. Yuen, A. L. Swindlehurst, and C. Zhao, “On secrecy performance of RIS-assisted MISO systems over Rician channels with spatially random eavesdroppers,” IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., pp. 1–1, early access, 2024.
  171. Y. Liu, Z. Su, C. Zhang, and H.-H. Chen, “Minimization of secrecy outage probability in reconfigurable intelligent surface-assisted MIMOME system,” IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 1374–1387, Sep. 2022.
  172. M. Ji, J. Chen, L. Lv, Q. Wu, Z. Ding, and N. Al-Dhahir, “Secure NOMA systems with a dual-functional RIS: Simultaneous information relaying and jamming,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 71, no. 11, pp. 6514–6528, Nov. 2023.
  173. L. Dong and H.-M. Wang, “Secure MIMO transmission via intelligent reflecting surface,” IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett., vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 787–790, Jun. 2020.
  174. D. Yang, J. Xu, W. Xu, Y. Huang, and Z. Lu, “Secure communication for spatially correlated RIS-aided multiuser massive MIMO systems: Analysis and optimization,” IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 797–801, Jan. 2023.
  175. H. Song, H. Wen, J. Tang, P.-H. Ho, and R. Zhao, “Secrecy energy efficiency maximization for distributed intelligent-reflecting-surface-assisted MISO secure communications,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 4462–4474, Mar. 2023.
  176. C. Shi, Y. Cui, F. Yang, L. Ding, and L. Hu, “Optimization of quasi-static design for an IRS-assisted secure wireless communication system,” IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., pp. 1–1, early access, 2023.
  177. W. Jiang, B. Chen, J. Zhao, Z. Xiong, and Z. Ding, “Joint active and passive beamforming design for the IRS-assisted MIMOME-OFDM secure communications,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 70, no. 10, pp. 10 369–10 381, Oct. 2021.
  178. S. Fang, G. Chen, Z. Abdullah, and Y. Li, “Intelligent omni surface-assisted secure MIMO communication networks with artificial noise,” IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 1231–1235, Jun. 2022.
  179. L. Dong and H.-M. Wang, “Enhancing secure MIMO transmission via intelligent reflecting surface,” IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., vol. 19, no. 11, pp. 7543–7556, Nov. 2020.
  180. Y. Xiu and Z. Zhang, “Secure wireless transmission for intelligent reflecting surface-aided millimeter-wave systems,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 192 924–192 935, 2020.
  181. G. Sun, X. Tao, N. Li, and J. Xu, “Intelligent reflecting surface and UAV assisted secrecy communication in millimeter-wave networks,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 70, no. 11, pp. 11 949–11 961, Nov. 2021.
  182. X. Guo, Y. Chen, and Y. Wang, “Learning-based robust and secure transmission for reconfigurable intelligent surface aided millimeter wave UAV communications,” IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett., vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 1795–1799, Aug. 2021.
  183. L. Yang, J. Wang, X. Xue, J. Shi, and Y. Wang, “Secure hybrid beamforming for IRS-assisted millimeter wave systems,” IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., vol. 22, no. 8, pp. 5111–5128, Aug. 2023.
  184. M. Ragheb, A. Kuhestani, M. Kazemi, H. Ahmadi, and L. Hanzo, “RIS-aided secure millimeter-wave communication under RF-chain impairments,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 952–963, Jan. 2024.
  185. J. Xu, Z. Zhu, Z. Chu, H. Niu, P. Xiao, and I. Lee, “Sum secrecy rate maximization for IRS-aided multi-cluster MIMO-NOMA terahertz systems,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur., vol. 18, pp. 4463–4474, Jul. 2023.
  186. J. Yuan, G. Chen, M. Wen, R. Tafazolli, and E. Panayirci, “Secure transmission for THz-empowered RIS-assisted non-terrestrial networks,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 72, no. 5, pp. 5989–6000, May 2023.
  187. J. Qiao, C. Zhang, A. Dong, J. Bian, and M.-S. Alouini, “Securing intelligent reflecting surface assisted Terahertz systems,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 71, no. 8, pp. 8519–8533, Aug. 2022.
  188. J. Qiao and M.-S. Alouini, “Secure transmission for intelligent reflecting surface-assisted mmWave and Terahertz systems,” IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett., vol. 9, no. 10, pp. 1743–1747, Oct. 2020.
  189. A. M. Tota Khel and K. A. Hamdi, “Secrecy capacity of IRS-assisted Terahertz wireless communications with pointing errors,” IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 1090–1094, Apr. 2023.
  190. T. Jiang, L. Niu, X. Tang, X. Tang, and D. Zhai, “Aerial reconfigurable intelligent surface-assisted secrecy: A learning approach,” IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 18–22, Jan. 2022.
  191. Y. Wen, G. Chen, S. Fang, M. Wen, S. Tomasin, and M. Di Renzo, “RIS-assisted UAV secure communications with artificial noise-aware trajectory design against multiple colluding curious users,” IEEE Trans Inf. Forensics Security, vol. 19, pp. 3064–3076, 2024.
  192. X. Tang, T. Jiang, J. Liu, B. Li, D. Zhai, F. R. Yu, and Z. Han, “Secure communication with UAV-enabled aerial RIS: Learning trajectory with reflection optimization,” IEEE Trans. Intell. Veh., pp. 1–1, early access, 2023.
  193. L. Wei, K. Wang, C. Pan, and M. Elkashlan, “Secrecy performance analysis of RIS-aided communication system with randomly flying eavesdroppers,” IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett., vol. 11, no. 10, pp. 2240–2244, Oct. 2022.
  194. W. Wang, W. Ni, H. Tian, Y. C. Eldar, and D. Niyato, “UAV-mounted multi-functional RIS for combating eavesdropping in wireless networks,” IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett., vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 1667–1671, Oct. 2023.
  195. X. Pang, N. Zhao, J. Tang, C. Wu, D. Niyato, and K.-K. Wong, “IRS-assisted secure UAV transmission via joint trajectory and beamforming design,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 70, no. 2, pp. 1140–1152, Feb. 2022.
  196. W. Wei, X. Pang, J. Tang, N. Zhao, X. Wang, and A. Nallanathan, “Secure transmission design for aerial IRS assisted wireless networks,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 71, no. 6, pp. 3528–3540, Jun. 2023.
  197. T. Cheng, B. Wang, K. Cao, R. Dong, and D. Diao, “IRS-assisted secure UAV communication system for multiuser with hardware impairments,” IEEE Syst. J., vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 4946–4957, Sep. 2023.
  198. J. Sun, H. Zhang, X. Wang, M. Yang, J. Zhang, H. Li, and C. Gong, “Leveraging UAV-RIS reflects to improve the security performance of wireless network systems,” IEEE Netw. Lett., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 81–85, Jun. 2023.
  199. D. Diao, B. Wang, K. Cao, B. Zheng, R. Dong, T. Cheng, and J. Chen, “Reflecting elements analysis for secure and energy-efficient UAV-RIS system with phase errors,” IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 293–297, Feb. 2024.
  200. L. Guo, J. Jia, J. Chen, and X. Wang, “Secure communication optimization in NOMA systems with UAV-mounted STAR-RIS,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur., vol. 19, pp. 2300–2314, 2024.
  201. T. Cheng, B. Wang, K. Cao, R. Dong, and D. Diao, “IRS-enabled secure G2A communications for UAV system with aerial eavesdropping,” IEEE Syst. J., vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 3670–3681, Sep. 2023.
  202. D. Kim, S. Jeong, and J. Kang, “Energy-efficient secure offloading system designed via UAV-mounted intelligent reflecting surface for resilience enhancement,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 3768–3778, Feb. 2024.
  203. Y. Liu, C. Huang, G. Chen, R. Song, S. Song, and P. Xiao, “Deep learning empowered trajectory and passive beamforming design in UAV-RIS enabled secure cognitive non-terrestrial networks,” IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 188–192, Jan. 2024.
  204. Y. Ge, J. Fan, and J. Zhang, “Active reconfigurable intelligent surface enhanced secure and energy-efficient communication of jittering UAV,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 10, no. 24, pp. 22 386–22 400, Dec. 2023.
  205. W. Khalid, H. Yu, D.-T. Do, Z. Kaleem, and S. Noh, “RIS-aided physical layer security with full-duplex jamming in underlay D2D networks,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 99 667–99 679, Jul. 2021.
  206. M. H. Khoshafa, T. M. Ngatched, and M. H. Ahmed, “Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces-aided physical layer security enhancement in D2D underlay communications,” IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 1443–1447, May 2021.
  207. X. Hu, Y. Yi, C. Kai, Y. Zhang, and K. Li, “Securing uplink transmissions in cellular network via user-specific reconfigurable intelligent surfaces,” IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 27, no. 9, pp. 2298–2302, Sep. 2023.
  208. M. H. Khoshafa, T. M. N. Ngatched, and M. H. Ahmed, “RIS-aided physical layer security improvement in underlay cognitive radio networks,” IEEE Systems J., vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 6437–6448, Aug. 2023.
  209. X. Wu, J. Ma, and X. Xue, “Joint beamforming for secure communication in RIS-assisted cognitive radio networks,” J. Commun. Nets., vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 518–529, Oct. 2022.
  210. L. Dong, H.-M. Wang, and H. Xiao, “Secure cognitive radio communication via intelligent reflecting surface,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 69, no. 7, pp. 4678–4690, Jul. 2021.
  211. H. Niu, Z. Lin, K. An, X. Liang, Y. Hu, D. Li, and G. Zheng, “Active RIS-assisted secure transmission for cognitive satellite terrestrial networks,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 72, no. 2, pp. 2609–2614, Feb. 2023.
  212. X. Wu, J. Ma, Z. Xing, C. Gu, X. Xue, and X. Zeng, “Secure and energy efficient transmission for IRS-assisted cognitive radio networks,” IEEE Trans. Cogn. Commun. Netw., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 170–185, Mar. 2022.
  213. X. Wu, J. Ma, C. Gu, X. Xue, and X. Zeng, “Robust secure transmission design for IRS-assisted mmWave cognitive radio networks,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 71, no. 8, pp. 8441–8456, Aug. 2022.
  214. L. Zhai, Y. Zou, J. Zhu, and B. Li, “Improving physical layer security in IRS-aided WPCN multicast systems via stackelberg game,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 1957–1970, Mar. 2022.
  215. H. T. Thien, P.-V. Tuan, and I. Koo, “A secure-transmission maximization scheme for SWIPT systems assisted by an intelligent reflecting surface and deep learning,” IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 31 851–31 867, Mar. 2022.
  216. W. Shi, Q. Wu, F. Xiao, F. Shu, and J. Wang, “Secrecy throughput maximization for IRS-aided MIMO wireless powered communication networks,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 70, no. 11, pp. 7520–7535, Oct. 2022.
  217. K. Cao, H. Ding, L. Lv, Z. Su, J. Tao, F. Gong, and B. Wang, “Physical layer security for intelligent reflecting surface aided wireless powered communication,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 10, no. 20, pp. 18 097–18 110, Oct. 2023.
  218. K. Cao, H. Ding, W. Li, L. Lv, M. Gao, F. Gong, and B. Wang, “On the ergodic secrecy capacity of intelligent reflecting surface aided wireless powered communication systems,” IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett., vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 2275–2279, Aug. 2022.
  219. M.-M. Zhao, K. Xu, Y. Cai, Y. Niu, and L. Hanzo, “Secrecy rate maximization of RIS-assisted SWIPT systems: A two-timescale beamforming design approach,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 22, no. 7, pp. 4489–4504, Jul. 2023.
  220. Y. Jin, R. Guo, L. Zhou, and Z. Hu, “Secure beamforming for IRS-assisted nonlinear SWIPT systems with full-duplex user,” IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 26, no. 7, pp. 1494–1498, Jul. 2022.
  221. W. Jiang, J. Yang, X. Ji, K. Huang, and J. Yang, “Robust security transmission scheme for SWIPT-enable heterogeneous networks with RIS,” IEEE Syst. J., vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 5417–5428, Dec. 2023.
  222. W. Wang, Y. Gong, L. Yang, Y. Zhan, and D. W. K. Ng, “Robust resource allocation design for secure IRS-aided WPCN,” IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 2715–2729, Apr. 2023.
  223. H. Niu, Z. Chu, F. Zhou, Z. Zhu, L. Zhen, and K.-K. Wong, “Robust design for intelligent reflecting surface-assisted secrecy SWIPT network,” IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 4133–4149, 2022.
  224. T. Qiao, Y. Cao, J. Tang, N. Zhao, and K.-K. Wong, “IRS-aided uplink security enhancement via energy-harvesting jammer,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 70, no. 12, pp. 8286–8297, Dec. 2022.
  225. N. Hehao and L. Ni, “Intelligent reflect surface aided secure transmission in MIMO channel with SWIPT,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 192 132–192 140, 2020.
  226. B. Li, W. Wu, Y. Li, and W. Zhao, “Intelligent reflecting surface and artificial-noise-assisted secure transmission of MEC system,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 9, no. 13, pp. 11 477–11 488, Nov. 2021.
  227. J. Xu, A. Xu, L. Chen, Y. Chen, X. Liang, and B. Ai, “Deep reinforcement learning for RIS-aided secure mobile edge computing in industrial internet of things,” IEEE Trans. Industr. Inform., vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 2455–2464, Feb. 2024.
  228. T. Zhang, H. Wen, Y. Jiang, and J. Tang, “Deep reinforcement learning based IRS for cooperative jamming networks under edge computing,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 10, no. 10, pp. 8996–9006, 2023.
  229. B. L. J. Liao, W. Wu, and Y. Li, “Intelligent reflecting surface assisted secure computation of wireless powered MEC system,” IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput., pp. 1–1, early access, 2023.
  230. Q. T. Ngo, K. T. Phan, A. Mahmood, and W. Xiang, “Physical layer security in IRS-assisted cache-enabled satellite communication networks,” IEEE Trans. Green Commun. Netw., vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 1920–1931, Dec. 2023.
  231. Y. Ge and J. Fan, “Active reconfigurable intelligent surface assisted secure and robust cooperative beamforming for cognitive satellite-terrestrial networks,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 4108–4113, Nov. 2022.
  232. T. M. Hoang, C. Xu, A. Vahid, H. D. Tuan, T. Q. Duong, and L. Hanzo, “Secrecy-rate optimization of double RIS-aided space-ground networks,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 10, no. 15, pp. 13 221–13 234, Mar. 2023.
  233. F. Zhou, X. Li, M. Alazab, R. H. Jhaveri, and K. Guo, “Secrecy performance for RIS-based integrated satellite vehicle networks with a UAV relay and MRC eavesdropping,” IEEE Trans. Intell. Veh., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 1676–1685, Feb. 2022.
  234. B. Zhao, M. Lin, S. Xiao, J. Ouyang, and N. Al-Dhahir, “IRS empowered robust secure transmission for integrated satellite-terrestrial networks,” IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett., vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 336–340, Feb. 2023.
  235. S. Xu, J. Liu, Y. Cao, J. Li, and Y. Zhang, “Intelligent reflecting surface enabled secure cooperative transmission for satellite-terrestrial integrated networks,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 70, no. 2, pp. 2007–2011, Feb. 2021.
  236. L. Du, C. Huang, W. Guo, J. Ma, X. Ma, and Y. Tang, “Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces assisted secure multicast communications,” IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett., vol. 9, no. 10, pp. 1673–1676, Jun. 2020.
  237. S. Lin, Y. Xu, H. Wang, J. Gu, J. Liu, and G. Ding, “Secure multicast communications via RIS against eavesdropping and jamming with imperfect CSI,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 72, no. 12, pp. 16 805–16 810, Dec. 2023.
  238. B. Lyu, C. Zhou, S. Gong, D. T. Hoang, and Y.-C. Liang, “Robust secure transmission for active RIS enabled symbiotic radio multicast communications,” IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., vol. 22, no. 12, pp. 8766–8780, Dec. 2023.
  239. Z. Li, S. Wang, M. Wen, and Y.-C. Wu, “Secure multicast energy-efficiency maximization with massive RISs and uncertain CSI: First-order algorithms and convergence analysis,” IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., vol. 21, no. 9, pp. 6818–6833, Feb. 2022.
  240. S. Wang and Q. Li, “Distributionally robust secure multicast beamforming with intelligent reflecting surface,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur., vol. 16, pp. 5429–5441, 2021.
  241. W. Hao, J. Li, G. Sun, M. Zeng, and O. A. Dobre, “Securing reconfigurable intelligent surface-aided cell-free networks,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur., vol. 17, pp. 3720–3733, 2022.
  242. S. Elhoushy, M. Ibrahim, and W. Hamouda, “Exploiting RIS for limiting information leakage to active eavesdropper in cell-free massive MIMO,” IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett., vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 443–447, Mar. 2021.
  243. L. Gong, W. Xu, X. Ding, N. Zhou, and Q. Zhu, “Joint optimization scheme for the reconfigurable intelligent surface-assisted untrusted relay networks,” China Commun., vol. 20, no. 12, pp. 19–29, Dec. 2023.
  244. C. Huang, G. Chen, and K.-K. Wong, “Multi-agent reinforcement learning-based buffer-aided relay selection in IRS-assisted secure cooperative networks,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur., vol. 16, pp. 4101–4112, Aug. 2021.
  245. C. Liu, J. Zhou, Y. Gao, D. Qiao, and H. Qian, “IRS-aided secure communications over an untrusted AF relay system,” IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., vol. 22, no. 12, pp. 8620–8633, Dec. 2023.
  246. S. Zhang, H. Gao, Y. Su, J. Cheng, and M. Jo, “Intelligent mixed reflecting/relaying surface-aided secure wireless communications,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 532–543, Jan. 2024.
  247. Y. Ai, A. Felipe, L. Kong, M. Cheffena, S. Chatzinotas, and B. Ottersten, “Secure vehicular communications through reconfigurable intelligent surfaces,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 70, no. 7, pp. 7272–7276, Jun. 2021.
  248. X. Liu, Y. Yu, B. Peng, X. B. Zhai, Q. Zhu, and V. C. Leung, “RIS-UAV enabled worst-case downlink secrecy rate maximization for mobile vehicles,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 72, no. 5, pp. 6129–6141, May 2022.
  249. L. Chen, J. Zhu, Y. Yang, and S. Boichenko, “Physical layer security for RIS-V2V networks with different eavesdropper locations,” IEEE Internet Things J., pp. 1–1, early access, 2024.
  250. L. Xiao, S. Hong, S. Xu, H. Yang, and X. Ji, “IRS-aided energy-efficient secure WBAN transmission based on deep reinforcement learning,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 70, no. 6, pp. 4162–4174, Apr. 2022.
  251. T. M. Hoang, T. Van Luong, D. Liu, and L. Hanzo, “RIS-aided AANETs: Security maximization relying on unsupervised projection-based neural networks,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 71, no. 2, pp. 2214–2219, Dec. 2021.
  252. A. A. Salem, M. H. Ismail, and A. S. Ibrahim, “Active reconfigurable intelligent surface-assisted MISO integrated sensing and communication systems for secure operation,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 4919–4931, Apr. 2023.
  253. J. Chu, Z. Lu, R. Liu, M. Li, and Q. Liu, “Joint beamforming and reflection design for secure RIS-ISAC systems,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., pp. 1–1, early access, 2023.
  254. Z. Xing, R. Wang, and X. Yuan, “Reconfigurable intelligent surface aided physical-layer security enhancement in integrated sensing and communication systems,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., pp. 1–1, early access, 2023.
  255. Q. Liu, Y. Zhu, M. Li, R. Liu, Y. Liu, and Z. Lu, “DRL-based secrecy rate optimization for RIS-assisted secure ISAC systems,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 72, no. 12, pp. 16 871–16 875, Dec. 2023.
  256. C. Jiang, C. Zhang, C. Huang, J. Ge, J. He, and C. Yuen, “Secure beamforming design for RIS-assisted integrated sensing and communication systems,” IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 520–524, Feb. 2024.
  257. C. Wang, C.-C. Wang, Z. Li, D. W. K. Ng, K.-K. Wong, N. Al-Dhahir, and D. Niyato, “STAR-RIS-enabled secure dual-functional radar-communications: Joint waveform and reflective beamforming optimization,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur., vol. 18, pp. 4577–4592, Jul. 2023.
  258. H. Zhang and J. Zheng, “IRS-assisted secure radar communication systems with malicious target,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 591–604, Jan. 2024.
  259. S. Mao, L. Liu, N. Zhang, M. Dong, J. Zhao, J. Wu, and V. C. Leung, “Reconfigurable intelligent surface-assisted secure mobile edge computing networks,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 71, no. 6, pp. 6647–6660, Jun. 2022.
  260. A. Benaya, M. H. Ismail, A. S. Ibrahim, and A. A. Salem, “Physical layer security enhancement via intelligent omni-surfaces and UAV-friendly jamming,” IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 2531–2544, 2023.
  261. R. Saleem, W. Ni, M. Ikram, and A. Jamalipour, “Deep-reinforcement-learning-driven secrecy design for intelligent-reflecting-surface-based 6G-IoT networks,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 10, no. 10, pp. 8812–8824, Dec. 2022.
  262. M. H. Khoshafa, T. M. Ngatched, Y. Gadallah, and M. H. Ahmed, “Securing LPWANs: A reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) assisted UAV approach,” IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 158–162, Jan. 2024.
  263. H. Niu, Z. Lin, Z. Chu, Z. Zhu, P. Xiao, H. X. Nguyen, I. Lee, and N. Al-Dhahir, “Joint beamforming design for secure RIS-assisted IoT networks,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 1628–1641, Jan. 2023.
  264. S. Han, J. Wang, L. Xiao, and C. Li, “Broadcast secrecy rate maximization in UAV-empowered IRS backscatter communications,” IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 6445–6458, Oct. 2023.
  265. J. Wang, S. Wang, S. Han, and C. Li, “Intelligent reflecting surface secure backscatter communication without eavesdropping CSI,” IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 1496–1500, June 2023.
  266. J. Wang, S. Xu, S. Han, and J. Li, “Multicast secrecy rate maximization for reconfigurable intelligent surface backscatter communication,” IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 26, no. 12, pp. 2855–2859, Dec. 2022.
  267. B. Wu, S. Xu, Y. Shao, J. Zhang, and J. Zhang, “IRS backscatter based hybrid confidential information and AN for secrecy transmission,” IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 462–466, Feb. 2023.
  268. Y. Cao, S. Xu, and J. Liu, “Proactive eavesdropping strategies using hybrid reflecting-backscatter intelligent surface,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 5441–5446, Apr. 2023.
  269. M. F. Ahmed, K. P. Rajput, N. K. D. Venkategowda, K. V. Mishra, and A. K. Jagannatham, “Joint transmit and reflective beamformer design for secure estimation in IRS-aided WSNs,” IEEE Signal Process. Lett., vol. 29, pp. 692–696, 2022.
  270. Y. Sun, K. An, Y. Zhu, G. Zheng, K.-K. Wong, S. Chatzinotas, D. W. K. Ng, and D. Guan, “Energy-efficient hybrid beamforming for multilayer RIS-assisted secure integrated terrestrial-aerial networks,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 70, no. 6, pp. 4189–4210, Jun. 2022.
  271. Y. Xiu, J. Zhao, W. Sun, and Z. Zhang, “Secrecy rate maximization for reconfigurable intelligent surface aided millimeter wave system with low-resolution DACs,” IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 2166–2170, Jul. 2021.
  272. B. Shang, R. Shafin, and L. Liu, “UAV swarm-enabled aerial reconfigurable intelligent surface (SARIS),” IEEE Wireless Commun., vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 156–163, Oct. 2021.
  273. A. Zappone, M. Di Renzo, and R. K. Fotock, “Surface-based techniques for IoT networks: Opportunities and challenges,” IEEE Internet Things Mag., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 72–77, Dec. 2022.
  274. T. Ahmed, A. S. M. Badrudduza, S. M. R. Islam, S. H. Islam, M. Ibrahim, M. Abdullah-Al-Wadud, and I. S. Ansari, “Enhancing physical layer secrecy performance for RIS-assisted RF-FSO mixed wireless system,” IEEE Access, vol. 11, pp. 127 737–127 753, 2023.
  275. S. Soderi, L. Mucchi, M. Hämäläinen, A. Piva, and J. Iinatti, “Physical layer security based on spread-spectrum watermarking and jamming receiver,” Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol., vol. 28, no. 7, p. e3142, Jul. 2017.
  276. S. Soderi and R. De Nicola, “6G networks physical layer security using RGB visible light communications,” IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 5482–5496, 2021.
  277. H. Guo, Z. Yang, Y. Zou, B. Lyu, Y. Jiang, and L. Hanzo, “Joint reconfigurable intelligent surface location and passive beamforming optimization for maximizing the secrecy-rate,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 72, no. 2, pp. 2098–2110, Feb. 2022.
  278. F. Keming, L. Xiao, H. Yu, J. Shi, and C. Yijian, “Physical layer security enhancement exploiting intelligent reflecting surface,” IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 734–738, Jun. 2021.
  279. L. Dong, Y. Li, W. Cheng, and Y. Huo, “Robust and secure transmission over active reconfigurable intelligent surface aided multi-user system,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 72, no. 9, pp. 11 515–11 531, Sep. 2023.
  280. H. Han, Y. Cao, N. Deng, C. Xing, N. Zhao, Y. Li, and X. Wang, “Secure transmission for STAR-RIS aided NOMA against internal eavesdropping,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 72, no. 11, pp. 15 068–15 073, Nov. 2023.
  281. Q. Zhang, J. Liu, Z. Gao, Z. Li, Z. Peng, Z. Dong, and H. Xu, “Robust beamforming design for RIS-aided NOMA secure networks with transceiver hardware impairments,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 71, no. 6, pp. 3637–3649, Jun. 2023.
  282. F. Shu, L. Yang, X. Jiang, W. Cai, W. Shi, M. Huang, J. Wang, and X. You, “Beamforming and transmit power design for intelligent reconfigurable surface-aided secure spatial modulation,” IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process., vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 933–949, Aug. 2022.
  283. Z. Zhang, J. Chen, Q. Wu, Y. Liu, L. Lv, and X. Su, “Securing NOMA networks by exploiting intelligent reflecting surface,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 70, no. 2, pp. 1096–1111, Feb. 2022.
  284. S. Cai, H. Qu, J. Zhang, X. Shi, and H. Zhu, “Symbol-level precoding design in IRS-aided secure wireless communication systems,” IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett., vol. 11, no. 11, pp. 2315–2319, Nov. 2022.
  285. Z. Peng, R. Weng, C. Pan, G. Zhou, M. Di Renzo, and A. Lee Swindlehurst, “Robust transmission design for RIS-assisted secure multiuser communication systems in the presence of hardware impairments,” IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., vol. 22, no. 11, pp. 7506–7521, Nov. 2023.
  286. Z. Wei, B. Li, and W. Guo, “Adversarial reconfigurable intelligent surface against physical layer key generation,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur., vol. 18, pp. 2368–2381, Apr. 2023.
  287. T. Lu, L. Chen, J. Zhang, C. Chen, and A. Hu, “Joint precoding and phase shift design in reconfigurable intelligent surfaces-assisted secret key generation,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur., vol. 18, pp. 3251–3266, Apr. 2023.
  288. W. Lv, J. Bai, Q. Yan, and H. M. Wang, “RIS-assisted green secure communications: Active RIS or passive RIS?” IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett., vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 237–241, Feb. 2022.
  289. G. Li, C. Sun, W. Xu, M. Di Renzo, and A. Hu, “On maximizing the sum secret key rate for reconfigurable intelligent surface-assisted multiuser systems,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur., vol. 17, pp. 211–225, Jan. 2022.
  290. B. Li, T. Shi, W. Zhao, and N. Wang, “Reinforcement learning-based intelligent reflecting surface assisted communications against smart attackers,” IEEE Trans. on Commun., vol. 70, no. 7, pp. 4771–4779, May 2022.
  291. Z. Peng, Z. Zhang, L. Kong, C. Pan, L. Li, and J. Wang, “Deep reinforcement learning for RIS-aided multiuser full-duplex secure communications with hardware impairments,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 9, no. 21, pp. 21 121–21 135, May 2022.
  292. H. Yang, Z. Xiong, J. Zhao, D. Niyato, L. Xiao, and Q. Wu, “Deep reinforcement learning-based intelligent reflecting surface for secure wireless communications,” IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 375–388, Sep. 2020.
  293. B. Li and K. Cui, “IRS-assisted proactive eavesdropping over fading channels based on deep reinforcement learning,” IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 26, no. 8, pp. 1730–1734, May 2022.
  294. N. C. Luong, D. T. Hoang, S. Gong, D. Niyato, P. Wang, Y.-C. Liang, and D. I. Kim, “Applications of deep reinforcement learning in communications and networking: A survey,” IEEE Commun. Sur. Tut., vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 3133–3174, May 2019.
  295. K. Arulkumaran, M. P. Deisenroth, M. Brundage, and A. A. Bharath, “Deep reinforcement learning: A brief survey,” IEEE Signal Proc. Mag., vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 26–38, Nov. 2017.
  296. C. Qiu, Y. Hu, Y. Chen, and B. Zeng, “Deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG)-based energy harvesting wireless communications,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 8577–8588, Oct. 2019.
  297. L. Ning, M. Zhou, Z. Hou, R. M. Goverde, F.-Y. Wang, and H. Dong, “Deep deterministic policy gradient for high-speed train trajectory optimization,” IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst., vol. 23, no. 8, pp. 11 562–11 574, Aug. 2022.
  298. J. D. Vega-Sánchez, G. Kaddoum, and F. J. López-Martínez, “Physical layer security of RIS-assisted communications under electromagnetic interference,” IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 26, no. 12, pp. 2870–2874, Sep. 2022.
  299. L. Yang, J. Yang, W. Xie, M. O. Hasna, T. Tsiftsis, and M. Di Renzo, “Secrecy performance analysis of RIS-aided wireless communication systems,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 69, no. 10, pp. 12 296–12 300, Oct. 2020.
  300. C. Jiang, C. Zhang, P. Hao, Z. Zhang, and J. Ge, “Robust secure design for RIS-aided NOMA network against internal near-end eavesdropping,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 142 105–142 113, Oct. 2021.
  301. Y. Pei, X. Yue, W. Yi, Y. Liu, X. Li, and Z. Ding, “Secrecy outage probability analysis for downlink RIS-NOMA networks with on-off control,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 72, no. 9, pp. 11 772–11 786, Sep. 2023.
  302. W. Shi, J. Xu, W. Xu, M. Di Renzo, and C. Zhao, “Secure outage analysis of RIS-assisted communications with discrete phase control,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 5435–5440, Nov. 2022.
  303. X. Li, Y. Zheng, M. Zeng, Y. Liu, and O. A. Dobre, “Enhancing secrecy performance for STAR-RIS NOMA networks,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 72, no. 2, pp. 2684–2688, Oct. 2022.
  304. I. Trigui, W. Ajib, and W.-P. Zhu, “Secrecy outage probability and average rate of RIS-aided communications using quantized phases,” IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 1820–1824, Feb. 2021.
  305. Z. Tang, T. Hou, Y. Liu, J. Zhang, and L. Hanzo, “Physical layer security of intelligent reflective surface aided NOMA networks,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 71, no. 7, pp. 7821–7834, Apr. 2022.
  306. X. Sheng, X. Li, G. Chen, G. Huang, C. Han, and Z. Ding, “Performance analysis of STAR-RIS assisted secure cognitive NOMA-HARQ networks,” IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett., pp. 1–1, early access, 2023.
  307. X. Gu, W. Duan, G. Zhang, Q. Sun, M. Wen, and P.-H. Ho, “Physical layer security for RIS-aided wireless communications with uncertain eavesdropper distributions,” IEEE Syst. J., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 848–859, Mar. 2022.
  308. S. Lin, Y. Zou, B. Li, and T. Wu, “Security-reliability trade-off analysis of RIS-aided multiuser communications,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 72, no. 5, pp. 6225–6237, May 2023.
  309. Z. Wei, W. Guo, and B. Li, “A multi-eavesdropper scheme against RIS secured LoS-dominated channel,” IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 1221–1225, Apr. 2022.
  310. L. Yang and Y. Yuan, “Secrecy outage probability analysis for RIS-assisted NOMA systems,” Electron. Lett., vol. 56, no. 23, pp. 1254–1256, Nov. 2020.
  311. P. Xu, G. Chen, G. Pan, and M. Di Renzo, “Ergodic secrecy rate of RIS-assisted communication systems in the presence of discrete phase shifts and multiple eavesdroppers,” IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett., vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 629–633, Mar. 2021.
  312. W. Wang, H. Tian, and W. Ni, “Secrecy performance analysis of IRS-aided UAV relay system,” IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett., vol. 10, no. 12, pp. 2693–2697, Dec. 2021.
  313. H. Niu, Z. Chu, F. Zhou, and Z. Zhu, “Simultaneous transmission and reflection reconfigurable intelligent surface assisted secrecy MISO networks,” IEEE Commun. Lett., vol. 25, no. 11, pp. 3498–3502, Aug. 2021.
  314. X. Li, Y. Pei, X. Yue, Y. Liu, and Z. Ding, “Secure communication of active RIS assisted NOMA networks,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., pp. 1–1, early access, 2023.
  315. O. Maraqa, A. S. Rajasekaran, S. Al-Ahmadi, H. Yanikomeroglu, and S. M. Sait, “A survey of rate-optimal power domain NOMA with enabling technologies of future wireless networks,” IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor., vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 2192–2235, Fourthquarter 2020.
  316. O. Maraqa, A. S. Rajasekaran, H. U. Sokun, S. Al-Ahmadi, H. Yanikomeroglu, and S. M. Sait, “Energy-efficient coverage enhancement of indoor THz-MISO systems: An FD-NOMA approach,” in 2021 IEEE 32nd Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), Sep. 2021, pp. 483–489.
  317. O. Maraqa, S. Al-Ahmadi, A. S. Rajasekaran, H. U. Sokun, H. Yanikomeroglu, and S. M. Sait, “Energy-efficient optimization of multi-user NOMA-assisted cooperative THz-SIMO MEC systems,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 71, no. 6, pp. 3763–3779, Jun. 2023.
  318. D.-R. Emenonye, A. Sarker, A. T. Asbeck, H. S. Dhillon, and R. M. Buehrer, “RIS-aided kinematic analysis for remote rehabilitation,” IEEE Sens. J., vol. 23, no. 19, pp. 22 679–22 692, Oct. 2023.
  319. S. Li, Y. Wu, Y. Zhang, S. Duan, J. Xu et al., “Privacy transmission via joint active and passive beamforming optimization for RIS-aided NOMA-IoMT networks,” IEEE Trans. Consumer Electronics, Jan. 2024.
  320. M. Nerini, S. Shen, and B. Clerckx, “Closed-form global optimization of beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces,” IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 1037–1051, Feb. 2024.
  321. A. Cutkosky, H. Mehta, and F. Orabona, “Optimal stochastic non-smooth non-convex optimization through online-to-non-convex conversion,” arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.03775, 2023.
  322. M. Jordan, G. Kornowski, T. Lin, O. Shamir, and M. Zampetakis, “Deterministic nonsmooth nonconvex optimization,” in The Thirty Sixth Annual Conference on Learning Theory.   PMLR, 2023, pp. 4570–4597.
  323. A. Alorf, “A survey of recently developed metaheuristics and their comparative analysis,” Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, vol. 117, p. 105622, 2023.
  324. H. Zhou, M. Erol-Kantarci, Y. Liu, and H. V. Poor, “A survey on model-based, heuristic, and machine learning optimization approaches in RIS-aided wireless networks,” IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor., pp. 1–1, early access, 2023.
  325. B. Lyu, D. T. Hoang, S. Gong, D. Niyato, and D. I. Kim, “IRS-based wireless jamming attacks: When jammers can attack without power,” IEEE Wireless Commun. Lett., vol. 9, no. 10, pp. 1663–1667, Oct. 2020.
  326. K.-W. Huang and H.-M. Wang, “Intelligent reflecting surface aided pilot contamination attack and its countermeasure,” IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 345–359, Jan. 2021.
  327. G. C. Alexandropoulos, K. Katsanos, M. Wen, and D. B. Da Costa, “Safeguarding MIMO communications with reconfigurable metasurfaces and artificial noise,” in Proc. IEEE ICC, Montreal, QC, Canada, 2021, pp. 1–6.
  328. Y. Wang, H. Lu, D. Zhao, Y. Deng, and A. Nallanathan, “Wireless communication in the presence of illegal reconfigurable intelligent surface: Signal leakage and interference attack,” IEEE Wireless Commun., vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 131–138, Jun. 2022.
  329. F. Chen, H. Lu, Y. Wang, and C. Zhang, “Secure mmWave MIMO communication against signal leakage when meeting illegal reconfigurable intelligent surface,” in Proc. IEEE WCNC, Glasgow, United Kingdom, 2023, pp. 1–6.
  330. Z. Lin, H. Niu, K. An, Y. Hu, D. Li, J. Wang, and N. Al-Dhahir, “Pain without gain: Destructive beamforming from a malicious RIS perspective in IoT networks,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 7619–7629, Mar. 2024.
  331. Y. Liu, Z. Su, and Y. Wang, “Energy-efficient and physical-layer secure computation offloading in blockchain-empowered internet of things,” IEEE Internet Things J., vol. 10, no. 8, pp. 6598–6610, Apr. 2023.
Citations (1)
View on Semantic Scholar

Summary

We haven't generated a summary for this paper yet.

Ai Sparkles Streamline Icon: https://streamlinehq.com Summarize Now
X Twitter Logo Streamline Icon: https://streamlinehq.com

Tweets