Lattice Points and Rational $q$-Catalan Numbers (2403.06318v2)

Abstract: For each pair of coprime integers $a$ and $b$ one defines the "rational $q$-Catalan number" $\mathrm{Cat}(a,b)q=\bigl[\hskip-1.5pt \begin{smaLLMatrix}{a-1+b}\{a-1}\end{smaLLMatrix}\hskip-1pt\bigr]_q/[a]_q$. It is known that this is a polynomial in $q$ with nonnegative integer coefficients, but this phenomenon is mysterious. Despite recent progress in the understanding of these polynomials and their two-variable $q,t$-analogues, we still lack a simple combinatorial interpretation of the coefficients. The current paper builds on a conjecture of Paul Johnson relating $q$-Catalan numbers to lattice points. The main idea of this approach is to fix $a$ and express everything in terms of the weight lattice of type $A{a-1}$. For a given $a$ we construct a family of $(a-2)\phi(a)+1$ polynomials called "$q$-Catalan germs" and for each integer $b$ coprime to $a$ we express $\mathrm{Cat}(a,b)_q$ in terms of germs. We conjecture that the germs have nonnegative coefficients and we show that this nonnegativity conjecture is implied by a stronger conjecture about "ribbon partitions" of certain subposets of Young's lattice.