Papers
Topics
Authors
Recent
Gemini 2.5 Flash
Gemini 2.5 Flash
41 tokens/sec
GPT-4o
59 tokens/sec
Gemini 2.5 Pro Pro
41 tokens/sec
o3 Pro
7 tokens/sec
GPT-4.1 Pro
50 tokens/sec
DeepSeek R1 via Azure Pro
28 tokens/sec
2000 character limit reached

PromptCharm: Text-to-Image Generation through Multi-modal Prompting and Refinement (2403.04014v1)

Published 6 Mar 2024 in cs.HC and cs.AI

Abstract: The recent advancements in Generative AI have significantly advanced the field of text-to-image generation. The state-of-the-art text-to-image model, Stable Diffusion, is now capable of synthesizing high-quality images with a strong sense of aesthetics. Crafting text prompts that align with the model's interpretation and the user's intent thus becomes crucial. However, prompting remains challenging for novice users due to the complexity of the stable diffusion model and the non-trivial efforts required for iteratively editing and refining the text prompts. To address these challenges, we propose PromptCharm, a mixed-initiative system that facilitates text-to-image creation through multi-modal prompt engineering and refinement. To assist novice users in prompting, PromptCharm first automatically refines and optimizes the user's initial prompt. Furthermore, PromptCharm supports the user in exploring and selecting different image styles within a large database. To assist users in effectively refining their prompts and images, PromptCharm renders model explanations by visualizing the model's attention values. If the user notices any unsatisfactory areas in the generated images, they can further refine the images through model attention adjustment or image inpainting within the rich feedback loop of PromptCharm. To evaluate the effectiveness and usability of PromptCharm, we conducted a controlled user study with 12 participants and an exploratory user study with another 12 participants. These two studies show that participants using PromptCharm were able to create images with higher quality and better aligned with the user's expectations compared with using two variants of PromptCharm that lacked interaction or visualization support.

PDF HTML Abstract
Ai Sparkles Streamline Icon: https://streamlinehq.com Summarize File Document Download Save Streamline Icon: https://streamlinehq.com PDF File Document Download Save Streamline Icon: https://streamlinehq.com Markdown Bookmark Chat Bubble Oval Streamline Icon: https://streamlinehq.com Chat (Pro)
Definition Search Book Streamline Icon: https://streamlinehq.com
References (79)
  1. 2023. Stable Diffusion Web UI. https://github.com/AUTOMATIC1111/stable-diffusion-webui. Last Release: 2023-08-30.
  2. J Alammar. 2021. Ecco: An open source library for the explainability of transformer language models. In Proceedings of the 59th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics and the 11th international joint conference on natural language processing: System demonstrations. Association for Computational Linguistics, Online, 249–257. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.acl-demo.30
  3. Guidelines for Human-AI Interaction. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300233
  4. Grounded Copilot: How Programmers Interact with Code-Generating Models. Proc. ACM Program. Lang. 7, OOPSLA1, Article 78 (apr 2023), 27 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3586030
  5. Promptify: Text-to-Image Generation through Interactive Prompt Exploration with Large Language Models. In Proceedings of the 36th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST ’23). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 96, 14 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3586183.3606725
  6. Language Models are Few-Shot Learners. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, H. Larochelle, M. Ranzato, R. Hadsell, M.F. Balcan, and H. Lin (Eds.), Vol. 33. Curran Associates, Inc., 1877–1901.
  7. Human-Centered Tools for Coping with Imperfect Algorithms During Medical Decision-Making. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300234
  8. ”Hello AI”: Uncovering the Onboarding Needs of Medical Practitioners for Human-AI Collaborative Decision-Making. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 3, CSCW, Article 104 (nov 2019), 24 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3359206
  9. Attribit: content creation with semantic attributes. In Proceedings of the 26th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST ’13). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 193–202. https://doi.org/10.1145/2501988.2502008
  10. Forte: User-Driven Generative Design. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3174070
  11. VisiFit: Structuring Iterative Improvement for Novice Designers. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 574, 14 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411764.3445089
  12. John Joon Young Chung and Eytan Adar. 2023. PromptPaint: Steering Text-to-Image Generation Through Paint Medium-like Interactions. In Proceedings of the 36th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST ’23). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 6, 17 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3586183.3606777
  13. CogView: Mastering Text-to-Image Generation via Transformers. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, M. Ranzato, A. Beygelzimer, Y. Dauphin, P.S. Liang, and J. Wortman Vaughan (Eds.), Vol. 34. Curran Associates, Inc., 19822–19835.
  14. John J. Dudley and Per Ola Kristensson. 2018. A Review of User Interface Design for Interactive Machine Learning. ACM Trans. Interact. Intell. Syst. 8, 2, Article 8 (jun 2018), 37 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3185517
  15. Taming Transformers for High-Resolution Image Synthesis. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). 12873–12883.
  16. Noyan Evirgen and Xiang ’Anthony’ Chen. 2022. GANzilla: User-Driven Direction Discovery in Generative Adversarial Networks. In Proceedings of the 35th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST ’22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 75, 10 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3526113.3545638
  17. Noyan Evirgen and Xiang ’Anthony Chen. 2023. GANravel: User-Driven Direction Disentanglement in Generative Adversarial Networks. In Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’23). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 19, 15 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3544548.3581226
  18. PromptMagician: Interactive Prompt Engineering for Text-to-Image Creation. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 30, 01 (jan 2024), 295–305. https://doi.org/10.1109/TVCG.2023.3327168
  19. Making Pre-trained Language Models Better Few-shot Learners. In Proceedings of the 59th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and the 11th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (Volume 1: Long Papers). Association for Computational Linguistics, Online, 3816–3830. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.acl-long.295
  20. Uncurated Image-Text Datasets: Shedding Light on Demographic Bias. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. 6957–6966.
  21. Generative Adversarial Nets. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, Z. Ghahramani, M. Welling, C. Cortes, N. Lawrence, and K.Q. Weinberger (Eds.), Vol. 27. Curran Associates, Inc.
  22. DRAW: A Recurrent Neural Network For Image Generation. In Proceedings of the 32nd International Conference on Machine Learning (Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, Vol. 37), Francis Bach and David Blei (Eds.). PMLR, Lille, France, 1462–1471.
  23. Vector Quantized Diffusion Model for Text-to-Image Synthesis. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. 10696–10706.
  24. Optimizing Prompts for Text-to-Image Generation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2212.09611 (2022).
  25. Sandra G Hart and Lowell E Staveland. 1988. Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): Results of empirical and theoretical research. In Advances in psychology. Vol. 52. Elsevier, 139–183.
  26. Efficient Human-in-the-loop System for Guiding DNNs Attention. In Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI ’23). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 294–306. https://doi.org/10.1145/3581641.3584074
  27. Prompt-to-Prompt Image Editing with Cross Attention Control. arXiv preprint arXiv:2208.01626 (2022).
  28. Eric Horvitz. 1999. Principles of mixed-initiative user interfaces. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’99). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 159–166. https://doi.org/10.1145/302979.303030
  29. DreamSketch: Early Stage 3D Design Explorations with Sketching and Generative Design. In Proceedings of the 30th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST ’17). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 401–414. https://doi.org/10.1145/3126594.3126662
  30. Six Learning Barriers in End-User Programming Systems. In 2004 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages-Human Centric Computing. IEEE, 199–206.
  31. Large-scale Text-to-Image Generation Models for Visual Artists’ Creative Works. In Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI ’23). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 919–933. https://doi.org/10.1145/3581641.3584078
  32. Is Model Attention Aligned with Human Attention? An Empirical Study on Large Language Models for Code Generation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2306.01220 (2023).
  33. Controllable Text-to-Image Generation. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, H. Wallach, H. Larochelle, A. Beygelzimer, F. d'Alché-Buc, E. Fox, and R. Garnett (Eds.), Vol. 32. Curran Associates, Inc.
  34. Questioning the AI: Informing Design Practices for Explainable AI User Experiences. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376590
  35. What Makes Good In-Context Examples for GPT-3?. In Proceedings of Deep Learning Inside Out (DeeLIO 2022): The 3rd Workshop on Knowledge Extraction and Integration for Deep Learning Architectures. 100–114.
  36. Vivian Liu and Lydia B Chilton. 2022. Design Guidelines for Prompt Engineering Text-to-Image Generative Models. In Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 384, 23 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3491102.3501825
  37. Opal: Multimodal Image Generation for News Illustration. In Proceedings of the 35th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST ’22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 73, 17 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3526113.3545621
  38. 3DALL-E: Integrating Text-to-Image AI in 3D Design Workflows. In Proceedings of the 2023 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference (DIS ’23). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1955–1977. https://doi.org/10.1145/3563657.3596098
  39. Novice-AI Music Co-Creation via AI-Steering Tools for Deep Generative Models. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376739
  40. Scott M Lundberg and Su-In Lee. 2017. A Unified Approach to Interpreting Model Predictions. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, I. Guyon, U. Von Luxburg, S. Bengio, H. Wallach, R. Fergus, S. Vishwanathan, and R. Garnett (Eds.), Vol. 30. Curran Associates, Inc. https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper_files/paper/2017/file/8a20a8621978632d76c43dfd28b67767-Paper.pdf
  41. Generating Images from Captions with Attention. arXiv preprint arXiv:1511.02793 (2015).
  42. Design galleries: a general approach to setting parameters for computer graphics and animation. In Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques (SIGGRAPH ’97). ACM Press/Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., USA, 389–400. https://doi.org/10.1145/258734.258887
  43. Dream Lens: Exploration and Visualization of Large-Scale Generative Design Datasets. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173943
  44. On the Design of AI-powered Code Assistants for Notebooks. In Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’23). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 434, 16 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3544548.3580940
  45. Jonas Oppenlaender. 2022. A Taxonomy of Prompt Modifiers for Text-To-Image Generation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2204.13988 2 (2022).
  46. Nikita Pavlichenko and Dmitry Ustalov. 2023. Best Prompts for Text-to-Image Models and How to Find Them. In Proceedings of the 46th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR ’23). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2067–2071. https://doi.org/10.1145/3539618.3592000
  47. Scikit-learn: Machine learning in Python. Journal of Machine Learning Research 12 (2011), 2825–2830.
  48. Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervision. In Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Machine Learning (Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, Vol. 139), Marina Meila and Tong Zhang (Eds.). PMLR, 8748–8763.
  49. Hierarchical Text-Conditional Image Generation with CLIP Latents. arXiv preprint arXiv:2204.06125 1, 2 (2022), 3.
  50. Zero-Shot Text-to-Image Generation. In Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Machine Learning (Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, Vol. 139), Marina Meila and Tong Zhang (Eds.). PMLR, 8821–8831.
  51. Generative Adversarial Text to Image Synthesis. In Proceedings of The 33rd International Conference on Machine Learning (Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, Vol. 48), Maria Florina Balcan and Kilian Q. Weinberger (Eds.). PMLR, New York, New York, USA, 1060–1069.
  52. ”Why Should I Trust You?”: Explaining the Predictions of Any Classifier. In Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD international conference on knowledge discovery and data mining (KDD ’16). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1135–1144. https://doi.org/10.1145/2939672.2939778
  53. High-Resolution Image Synthesis with Latent Diffusion Models. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. 10684–10695.
  54. Laion-5b: An open large-scale dataset for training next generation image-text models. 35 (2022), 25278–25294.
  55. AutoPrompt: Eliciting Knowledge from Language Models with Automatically Generated Prompts. In Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP). Association for Computational Linguistics, Online, 4222–4235. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.emnlp-main.346
  56. Ben Shneiderman. 1981. Direct Manipulation: A Step Beyond Programming Languages. In Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Easier and More Productive Use of Computer Systems.(Part-II): Human Interface and the User Interface-Volume 1981. 143.
  57. Ben Shneiderman. 1982. The future of interactive systems and the emergence of direct manipulation. Behaviour & Information Technology 1, 3 (1982), 237–256.
  58. Interactive and Visual Prompt Engineering for Ad-hoc Task Adaptation with Large Language Models. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 29, 1 (2022), 1146–1156.
  59. What the DAAM: Interpreting Stable Diffusion Using Cross Attention. In Proceedings of the 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). Association for Computational Linguistics, 5644–5659.
  60. Attention is All you Need. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, I. Guyon, U. Von Luxburg, S. Bengio, H. Wallach, R. Fergus, S. Vishwanathan, and R. Garnett (Eds.), Vol. 30. Curran Associates, Inc.
  61. Human-AI Collaboration in Data Science: Exploring Data Scientists’ Perceptions of Automated AI. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 3, CSCW, Article 211 (nov 2019), 24 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3359313
  62. KVT: k-NN Attention for Boosting Vision Transformers. In European Conference on Computer Vision. Springer, 285–302.
  63. MatchFormer: Interleaving Attention in Transformers for Feature Matching. In Proceedings of the Asian Conference on Computer Vision (ACCV). 2746–2762.
  64. PopBlends: Strategies for Conceptual Blending with Large Language Models. In Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’23). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 435, 19 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3544548.3580948
  65. RePrompt: Automatic Prompt Editing to Refine AI-Generative Art Towards Precise Expressions. In Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’23). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 22, 29 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3544548.3581402
  66. Image quality assessment: from error visibility to structural similarity. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing 13, 4 (2004), 600–612.
  67. DiffusionDB: A Large-scale Prompt Gallery Dataset for Text-to-Image Generative Models. In Proceedings of the 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). Association for Computational Linguistics, 893–911.
  68. Chain-of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Models. 35 (2022), 24824–24837.
  69. Toward General Design Principles for Generative AI Applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2301.05578 (2023).
  70. Hard Prompts Made Easy: Gradient-Based Discrete Optimization for Prompt Tuning and Discovery. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.03668 (2023).
  71. Visual Synthesis Pre-training for Neural visUal World creAtion. In European Conference on Computer Vision. Springer Nature Switzerland, Cham, 720–736.
  72. AI Chains: Transparent and Controllable Human-AI Interaction by Chaining Large Language Model Prompts. In Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 385, 22 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3491102.3517582
  73. FlatMagic: Improving Flat Colorization through AI-driven Design for Digital Comic Professionals. In Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’22). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 380, 17 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3491102.3502075
  74. Tree of Thoughts: Deliberate Problem Solving with Large Language Models. In Thirty-seventh Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems.
  75. Semantic shape editing using deformation handles. ACM Trans. Graph. 34, 4, Article 86 (jul 2015), 12 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/2766908
  76. GEM-NI: A System for Creating and Managing Alternatives In Generative Design. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’15). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1201–1210. https://doi.org/10.1145/2702123.2702398
  77. Why Johnny Can’t Prompt: How Non-AI Experts Try (and Fail) to Design LLM Prompts. In Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’23). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 437, 21 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3544548.3581388
  78. StackGAN: Text to Photo-realistic Image Synthesis with Stacked Generative Adversarial Networks. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV). 5907–5915.
  79. Calibrate Before Use: Improving Few-Shot Performance of Language Models. In Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Machine Learning (Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, Vol. 139), Marina Meila and Tong Zhang (Eds.). PMLR, 12697–12706.
User Edit Pencil Streamline Icon: https://streamlinehq.com
Authors (5)
  1. Zhijie Wang (36 papers)
  2. Yuheng Huang (26 papers)
  3. Da Song (10 papers)
  4. Lei Ma (195 papers)
  5. Tianyi Zhang (262 papers)
Citations (12)
View on Semantic Scholar
X Twitter Logo Streamline Icon: https://streamlinehq.com

Tweets