Unconventional gap dependence of high harmonic generation in the extremely strong light-matter coupling regime (2304.14617v1)

Abstract: High harmonic generation(HHG) is one of the most commonly studied nonlinear optical phenomena, originating in the ultrafast dynamics of electrons in atomic gasses and semiconductors. It has attracted much attention because of its non-perturbative nature and potential for future attosecond laser pulse sources. On the theory side, a semi-classical picture based on tunneling ionization of electrons is successfully used in explaining key characteristics of the HHG. This model assumes that electric fields non-perturbatively excite electrons beyond the ionization potential or band gap. Thus, intuitively, a larger gap should lead to an exponentially smaller HHG emission. Despite this intuition, the HHG in the Mott insulator Ca2RuO4 has shown an unconventional exponential increase with respect to the gap width. This experiment implies effects beyond the semi-classical theory. However, most theoretical works have focused on the dependence of the HHG on external control parameters, and the gap dependence of the HHG is poorly understood even in non interacting systems. Thus, it is essential to clarify the gap dependence of the HHG in a fully quantum mechanical approach. Here, we analyze numerically exactly the gap dependence of the HHG in two-level systems. We find an increase in the strength of the HHG when the Rabi frequency is large compared to the gap width. Furthermore, the relaxation and scattering of electrons increase the visibility of this gap dependence. Finally, we find that the enhancement rate follows a universal scaling law regardless of the driving frequency. The existence of this gap dependence in two-level systems suggests that this unconventional gap dependence is a universal behavior that can be found not only in Mott insulators but also in atomic gasses and semiconductors.