A Review on Deep Learning Techniques for the Diagnosis of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) (2008.04815v1)

Abstract: Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, has raised a calamitous situation all over the world and has become one of the most acute and severe ailments in the past hundred years. The prevalence rate of COVID-19 is rapidly rising every day throughout the globe. Although no vaccines for this pandemic have been discovered yet, deep learning techniques proved themselves to be a powerful tool in the arsenal used by clinicians for the automatic diagnosis of COVID-19. This paper aims to overview the recently developed systems based on deep learning techniques using different medical imaging modalities like Computer Tomography (CT) and X-ray. This review specifically discusses the systems developed for COVID-19 diagnosis using deep learning techniques and provides insights on well-known data sets used to train these networks. It also highlights the data partitioning techniques and various performance measures developed by researchers in this field. A taxonomy is drawn to categorize the recent works for proper insight. Finally, we conclude by addressing the challenges associated with the use of deep learning methods for COVID-19 detection and probable future trends in this research area. This paper is intended to provide experts (medical or otherwise) and technicians with new insights into the ways deep learning techniques are used in this regard and how they potentially further works in combatting the outbreak of COVID-19.

• The paper systematically reviews 45 deep learning-based diagnostic systems, comparing pre-trained transfer learning models with custom-designed architectures.
• The paper highlights the effectiveness of using CT and X-ray imaging with metrics like accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for COVID-19 diagnosis.
• The paper discusses future directions focused on reducing dataset dependency, improving model robustness, and enhancing clinical validation.

Deep Learning Techniques for COVID-19 Diagnosis

This review article, co-authored by Md. Milon Islam, Fakhri Karray, Reda Alhajj, and Jia Zeng, provides an extensive exploration of deep learning applications in COVID-19 diagnosis, primarily focusing on the utilization of medical imaging modalities such as Computer Tomography (CT) and X-ray scans. As COVID-19 poses a significant global health threat, the paper evaluates how deep learning techniques have been employed to augment traditional diagnostic strategies, potentially offering more automated and rapid solutions.

Introduction and Context

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has led to significant global health and economic challenges. Traditional methods for diagnosing COVID-19, such as RT-PCR, are constrained by resource availability and can suffer from high false-negative rates. As a supplementary diagnostic tool, medical imaging provides critical insights, although manual interpretation is both time-intensive and susceptible to human error. AI, especially deep learning models, present a promising avenue for enhancing diagnostic efficiency and reducing reliance on human labor.

Methodological Overview

The paper reviews various deep learning frameworks used for COVID-19 diagnosis, categorizing them into those based on pre-trained models with deep transfer learning and custom-designed networks. These systems are scrutinized based on data sources, the number of images and classes used, data partitioning methodologies, the employed deep learning techniques, and their respective performance metrics, such as accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity.

• Pre-trained Models with Deep Transfer Learning: This approach applies previously trained models like VGG, ResNet, SqueezeNet, etc., to leverage their learned features for COVID-19 diagnosis tasks, considerably reducing the computational power and data requirements. These models have been applied effectively using both CT and X-ray images.
• Custom Deep Learning Networks: These are tailored architectures specifically designed for COVID-19 diagnosis, which do not rely on existing model weights and biases. Although they can optimize performance for specific tasks, they often require more computational resources and larger data sets for training.

Key Findings

The paper reviewed 45 systems utilizing both CT and X-ray imagery, with 23 based on pre-trained models and 22 on custom networks. Researchers have predominantly utilized X-ray data due to its widespread availability and affordability, though CT provides a more detailed 3D view useful in complex cases. Performance metrics reveal that several frameworks achieve high accuracy and sensitivity, demonstrating the potential of deep learning models in a clinical diagnostic context.

Implications and Future Directions

This review underscores the efficacy of deep learning systems in enhancing COVID-19 diagnostic capabilities. The integration of these systems could lead to faster, automated diagnosis, supplementing clinical workflows and alleviating the burden on healthcare professionals. However, challenges such as the availability of diverse and large-scale datasets, model generalization, and system validation on unseen data remain. Addressing these issues could improve model robustness and ensure reliable deployment in real-world scenarios.

The ongoing development in this field suggests promising future directions, particularly in creating more efficient algorithms tailored for smaller and unbalanced datasets, adopting techniques like self-supervised learning and ensemble methods, and increasing collaborations between AI researchers and clinicians to refine these tools further.

In conclusion, the paper provides a detailed examination of the current state of deep learning applications for COVID-19 diagnosis, highlighting the substantial contributions of AI to medical imaging and healthcare. This review serves as a foundational reference for researchers aiming to advance deep learning methodologies and improve their applicability in pandemic scenarios.