Refuting Strong AI: Why Consciousness Cannot Be Algorithmic (1906.10177v1)

Abstract: While physicalism requires only that a conscious state depends entirely on an underlying physical state, it is often assumed that consciousness is algorithmic and that conscious states can be copied, such as by copying or digitizing the human brain. In an effort to further elucidate the physical nature of consciousness, I challenge these assumptions and attempt to prove the Single Stream of Consciousness Theorem (SSCT): that a conscious entity cannot experience more than one stream of consciousness from a given conscious state. Assuming only that consciousness is a purely physical phenomenon, it is shown that both Special Relativity and Multiverse theory independently imply SSCT and that the Many Worlds Interpretation of quantum mechanics is inadequate to counter it. Then, SSCT is shown to be incompatible with Strong Artificial Intelligence, implying that consciousness cannot be created or simulated by a computer. Finally, SSCT is shown to imply that a conscious state cannot be physically reset to an earlier conscious state nor can it be duplicated by any physical means. The profound but counterintuitive implications of these conclusions are briefly discussed.

• The paper introduces the Single Stream of Consciousness Theorem (SSCT), asserting that consciousness cannot split into multiple simultaneous streams.
• The paper employs Special Relativity and Multiverse Theory to demonstrate that algorithmic replication of consciousness contradicts fundamental physical constraints.
• The paper refutes the Many Worlds Interpretation by arguing that duplicating conscious experience undermines the core premises of computational theories of mind.

Analyzing the Single Stream of Consciousness Theorem: Implications for Consciousness and AI

The paper "Refuting Strong AI: Why Consciousness Cannot Be Algorithmic" by Andrew Knight explores the intersection of physics, metaphysics, and artificial intelligence, presenting compelling arguments against the algorithmic nature of consciousness and, consequently, the possibility of Strong Artificial Intelligence. The author introduces and attempts to substantiate the Single Stream of Consciousness Theorem (SSCT), which posits that a conscious entity cannot experience more than one stream of consciousness from a given conscious state.

Core Thesis and Theoretical Basis

The central proposition, SSCT, is argued from the standpoint of Physicalism — the notion that consciousness arises purely from physical configurations of matter. The author utilizes two pillars from modern physics to bolster SSCT: Special Relativity and Multiverse Theory. Special Relativity is leveraged to argue that consciousness, being dependent on physical states that evolve over time, cannot simultaneously diverge into separate conscious streams due to constraints like the speed of light that bind physical evolution. Following this, Multiverse Theory is cited to buttress the claim that despite potentially infinite identical conscious configurations in parallel universes, the subjectively singular experience of consciousness we observe day-to-day supports the notion that only a single conscious stream is possible at a time.

Implications for Strong AI

Knight's interpretation holds profound implications for the field of artificial intelligence, particularly in the context of Strong AI, which asserts the potential of machines to possess consciousness by executing algorithms. According to the paper, if consciousness cannot diverge into multiple streams, a computer process cannot be reset or simulated to recreate the same conscious entity experiencing multiple conscious pathways — a direct contradiction to the ambitions of Strong AI. Thus, algorithmic consciousness is deemed implausible under the constraints posed by SSCT.

Challenging Prevailing Assumptions

The paper ventures into speculative territory by questioning longstanding assumptions about consciousness: its algorithmic nature, potential for duplication, or recreation through technological means such as mind uploading. Knight provides rigorous proofs to argue against these possibilities, positing that such capabilities would imply contradictions with established physics principles.

Refuting the Many Worlds Interpretation

An intriguing component of the paper’s argument rests on refuting the Many Worlds Interpretation (MWI) of quantum mechanics as an objection to SSCT. MWI suggests every outcome generates a bifurcated universe where all possible events transpire. Knight raises the question of personal identity within such a framework. He argues that if a conscious stream could bifurcate alongside physical states per MWI, it would necessitate non-physical explanations for how consciousness selects a singular experiential timeline within these myriad possibilities, thereby challenging the foundational postulates of Physicalism.

Speculative and Open Questions

While Knight’s argumentation against Strong AI and consciousness duplication is robust, it raises further questions: If consciousness cannot be reset or copied, what prevents such states at a fundamental physical level? The critique of consciousness as non-algorithmic evokes inquiry into possible alternative frameworks for understanding consciousness beyond current scientific paradigms.

Future Implications

The acceptance of SSCT could drastically alter ongoing research trajectories in AI, necessitating new paradigms for understanding consciousness. Computational theories of mind would require reevaluation, shifting towards multidisciplinary approaches inclusive of philosophical, neuroscientific, and perhaps novel physics-informed methods to adequately explain conscious experience without reliance on algorithmic processes.

In conclusion, Andrew Knight’s exploration through the SSCT provides a rigorous challenge to existing notions of consciousness as simulative or computational, suggesting a deeper entanglement with physical realities than traditionally appreciated. For researchers in artificial intelligence and cognitive science, it necessitates a reevaluation of objectives and opens pathways for new explorations into the essence of consciousness.