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Deep Reinforcement Learning with a Natural Language Action Space (1511.04636v5)

Published 14 Nov 2015 in cs.AI, cs.CL, and cs.LG

Abstract: This paper introduces a novel architecture for reinforcement learning with deep neural networks designed to handle state and action spaces characterized by natural language, as found in text-based games. Termed a deep reinforcement relevance network (DRRN), the architecture represents action and state spaces with separate embedding vectors, which are combined with an interaction function to approximate the Q-function in reinforcement learning. We evaluate the DRRN on two popular text games, showing superior performance over other deep Q-learning architectures. Experiments with paraphrased action descriptions show that the model is extracting meaning rather than simply memorizing strings of text.

Citations (228)

Summary

  • The paper introduces DRRN, a deep RL architecture that separates state and action embeddings to manage complex natural language command spaces.
  • Its design utilizes an interaction function to efficiently approximate the Q-function for accurate decision making in language-rich environments.
  • Empirical evaluations in text games and dialogs show faster convergence and enhanced performance compared to conventional deep Q-learning methods.

Analyzing Deep Reinforcement Learning with a Natural Language Action Space

The paper under discussion presents an innovative deep reinforcement learning architecture termed as Deep Reinforcement Relevance Network (DRRN) aimed at addressing challenges in environments where both action and state spaces are defined by natural language. This research seeks to advance the application of reinforcement learning in text-intensive applications such as text-based games and human-computer dialog systems. The capability to understand and interpret language-based commands is an essential component in the evolution of AI systems towards more interactive and intuitive interfaces.

The DRRN architecture distinguishes itself by utilizing separate embedding vectors for the representation of action and state spaces, which are essential in comprehending the sequential decisions an agent must make. The architecture applies an interaction function that combines these embedding vectors to approximate the Q-function, which is fundamental in reinforcement learning for predicting the optimal action to maximize long-term rewards. This bifurcated approach is particularly advantageous in environments characterized by complex, language-rich action spaces as opposed to traditional bounded action sets.

Empirical evaluations on prominent text-based games demonstrate that the DRRN significantly outperforms other deep Q-learning structures, corroborated by its ability to generalize across paraphrased action descriptions. This reveals the model's propensity to comprehend semantic meaning as opposed to mere string memorization. Such insights are pivotal for advancing reinforcement learning models which can perform effectively in natural language contexts, thereby making this a meaningful contribution to the fields of language processing and sequential decision-making.

The experimental results delineate the DRRN’s efficacy, exhibiting faster convergence and superior performance metrics compared to conventional architectures. These metrics were captured across different games, including a deterministically structured game, "Saving John," and a probabilistic setting, "Machine of Death." The research underscores the DRRN's ability to abstract and capture the intricacies of natural language to make informed decisions, aligning with the overarching objective of developing AI that can fluidly interact with human language.

Looking forward, this work sets a precedent for further exploration into incorporating advanced linguistic models, such as those involving attention mechanisms, to enhance the DRRN’s capability of pinpointing strategic narrative elements. Additionally, there is potential for expanding the application of this architecture to a broader spectrum of text-centric tasks, which may include more intricate dialogue systems or complex game environments.

This paper contributes a substantial advancement towards the integration of natural language processing with reinforcement learning, facilitating the development of more sophisticated, language-aware AI systems. Its implications extend into numerous domains where AI is expected to understand and act upon human language, suggesting promising directions for future research in enhancing AI's interactive competencies.