New tests of cosmic distance duality relation with DESI 2024 BAO observations

Abstract: In this paper, we test the cosmic distance duality relation (CDDR), as required by the Etherington reciprocity theorem, which connects the angular diameter distance and the luminosity distance via the relation ( D_{\rm L}(z) = D_{\rm A}(z)(1+z)^2 ). Our analysis is based on the latest baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) measurements provided by the Dark Energy Survey (DES), the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS)/Extended BOSS (eBOSS), and the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) surveys. Specifically, an unbiased test of the CDDR is performed through a novel, model-independent method inspired by the two-point diagnostic approach, with DES-SN5YR and Pantheon type Ia supernova (SN Ia) sample reconstructed using the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) technique. This methodology effectively eliminates all nuisance parameters, including the sound horizon scale ( r_{\rm d} ) from BAO and the absolute magnitude ( M_{\rm B} ) from SN Ia. A set of ( N-1 ) independent CDDR ratios ( \eta_{ij} ) are constructed for statistical analysis. At the current observational level, no significant deviation from the CDDR is observed at low redshifts, whereas we find positive evidence ($>2\sigma$ C.L.) of deviation from the CDDR at two high redshifts ($z=2.33$ and $z=2.334$). Therefore, our results confirm that the BAO measurement provides a powerful tool to test such fundamental relation in modern cosmology.