The Three Hundred Project: Modeling Baryon and Hot-Gas Fraction Evolution in Simulated Clusters (2505.21624v1)

Abstract: The baryon fraction of galaxy clusters is a powerful tool to inform on the cosmological parameters while the hot-gas fraction provides indications on the physics of the intracluster plasma and its interplay with the processes driving galaxy formation. Using cosmological hydrodynamical simulations from The Three Hundred collaboration of about 300 simulated massive galaxy clusters with median mass $M_{500}\approx7 \times 10^{14}$M$_{\odot}$ at $z=0$, we model the relations between total mass and either baryon fraction or the hot gas fractions at overdensities $\Delta = 2500$, $500$, and $200$ with respect to the cosmic critical density, and their evolution from $z\sim 0$ to $z\sim 1.3$. We fit the simulation results for such scaling relations against three analytic forms (linear, quadratic, and logarithmic in a logarithmic plane) and three forms for the redshift dependence, considering as a variable both the inverse of cosmic scale factor, $(1+z)$, and the Hubble expansion rate, $E(z)$. We show that power-law dependencies on cluster mass poorly describe the investigated relations. A power-law fails to simultaneously capture the flattening of the total baryon and gas fractions at high masses, their drop at the low masses, and the transition between these two regimes. The other two functional forms provide a more accurate description of the curvature in mass scaling. The fractions measured within smaller radii exhibit a stronger evolution than those measured within larger radii. From the analysis of these simulations, we conclude that as long as we include systems in the mass range herein investigated, the baryon or gas fraction can be accurately related to the total mass through either a parabola or a logarithm in the logarithmic plane. The trends are common to all modern hydro simulations, although the amplitude of the drop at low masses might differ [Abridged].