Spectral skeletons and applications (2501.14218v2)

Abstract: For a graph $G$, its spectral radius $\rho(G)$ is the largest eigenvalue of its adjacency matrix. Let $\mathcal{F}$ be a finite family of graphs with $\min_{F\in \mathcal{F}}\chi(F)=r+1\geq3$, where $\chi(F)$ is the chromatic number of $F$. Set $t=\max_{F\in\mathcal{F}}|F|$. Let $T(rt,r)$ be the Tur\'{a}n graph of order $rt$ with $r$ parts. Assume that some $F_{0}\subseteq\mathcal{F}$ is a subgraph of the graph obtained from $T(rt,r)$ by embedding a path or a matching in one part. Let ${\rm EX}(n,\mathcal{F})$ be the set of graphs with the maximum number of edges among all the graphs of order $n$ containing not any $F\in\mathcal{F}$. Simonovits \cite{S1,S2} gave general results on the graphs in ${\rm EX}(n,\mathcal{F})$. Let ${\rm SPEX}(n,\mathcal{F})$ be the set of graphs with the maximum spectral radius among all the graphs of order $n$ containing not any $F\in\mathcal{F}$. Motivated by the work of Simonovits, we characterize the specified structure of the graphs in ${\rm SPEX}(n,\mathcal{F})$ in this paper. Moreover, some applications are also included.