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Immersed surfaces with knot group $\mathbb{Z}$ (2410.04635v1)

Published 6 Oct 2024 in math.GT

Abstract: This article is concerned with locally flatly immersed surfaces in simply-connected $4$-manifolds where the complement of the surface has fundamental group $\mathbb{Z}$. Once the genus and number of double points are fixed, we classify such immersed surfaces in terms of the equivariant intersection form of their exterior and a secondary invariant. Applications include criteria for deciding when an immersed $\mathbb{Z}$-surface in $S4$ is isotopic to the standard immersed surface that is obtained from an unknotted surface by adding local double points. As another application, we enumerate $\mathbb{Z}$-disks in $D4$ with a single double point and boundary a given knot; we prove that the number of such disks may be infinite. We also prove that a knot bounds a $\mathbb{Z}$-disk in $D4$ with $c_+$ positive double points and $c_-$ negative double points if and only if it can be converted into an Alexander polynomial one knot via changing $c_+$ positive crossings and $c_-$ negative crossings. In $4$-manifolds other than $D4$ and $S4$, applications include measuring the extent to which immersed $\mathbb{Z}$-surfaces are determined by the equivariant intersection form of their exterior. Along the way, we prove that any two $\mathbb{Z}2$-concordances between the Hopf link and an Alexander polynomial one link $L$ are homeomorphic rel. boundary.

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