Investigating the Role of Cultural Values in Adopting Large Language Models for Software Engineering

Abstract: As a socio-technical activity, software development involves the close interconnection of people and technology. The integration of LLMs into this process exemplifies the socio-technical nature of software development. Although LLMs influence the development process, software development remains fundamentally human-centric, necessitating an investigation of the human factors in this adoption. Thus, with this study we explore the factors influencing the adoption of LLMs in software development, focusing on the role of professionals' cultural values. Guided by the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT2) and Hofstede's cultural dimensions, we hypothesized that cultural values moderate the relationships within the UTAUT2 framework. Using Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modelling and data from 188 software engineers, we found that habit and performance expectancy are the primary drivers of LLM adoption, while cultural values do not significantly moderate this process. These findings suggest that, by highlighting how LLMs can boost performance and efficiency, organizations can encourage their use, no matter the cultural differences. Practical steps include offering training programs to demonstrate LLM benefits, creating a supportive environment for regular use, and continuously tracking and sharing performance improvements from using LLMs.