Measuring quantum relative entropy with finite-size effect

Abstract: We study the estimation of relative entropy $D(\rho|\sigma)$ when $\sigma$ is known. We show that the Cram\'{e}r-Rao type bound equals the relative varentropy. Our estimator attains the Cram\'{e}r-Rao type bound when the dimension $d$ is fixed. It also achieves the sample complexity $O(d^2)$ when the dimension $d$ increases. This sample complexity is optimal when $\sigma$ is the completely mixed state. Also, it has time complexity $O(d^6 \polylog d)$. Our proposed estimator unifiedly works under both settings.