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The Evolution of Learning: Assessing the Transformative Impact of Generative AI on Higher Education (2404.10551v1)

Published 16 Apr 2024 in cs.AI, cs.ET, and cs.HC

Abstract: Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) models such as ChatGPT have experienced a surge in popularity, attracting 100 million active users in 2 months and generating an estimated 10 million daily queries. Despite this remarkable adoption, there remains a limited understanding to which extent this innovative technology influences higher education. This research paper investigates the impact of GAI on university students and Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). The study adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining a comprehensive survey with scenario analysis to explore potential benefits, drawbacks, and transformative changes the new technology brings. Using an online survey with 130 participants we assessed students' perspectives and attitudes concerning present ChatGPT usage in academics. Results show that students use the current technology for tasks like assignment writing and exam preparation and believe it to be a effective help in achieving academic goals. The scenario analysis afterwards projected potential future scenarios, providing valuable insights into the possibilities and challenges associated with incorporating GAI into higher education. The main motivation is to gain a tangible and precise understanding of the potential consequences for HEIs and to provide guidance responding to the evolving learning environment. The findings indicate that irresponsible and excessive use of the technology could result in significant challenges. Hence, HEIs must develop stringent policies, reevaluate learning objectives, upskill their lecturers, adjust the curriculum and reconsider examination approaches.

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References (46)
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[2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Transformer, C.G.P.-t., Zhavoronkov, A.: Rapamycin in the context of pascal’s wager: generative pre-trained transformer perspective. Oncoscience 9, 82 (2022) https://doi.org/10.18632/oncoscience.571 OpenAI [2023] OpenAI: Gpt-4 technical report (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2303.08774 arXiv:2303.08774 [cs.CL] Krause and Stolzenburg [2023] Krause, S., Stolzenburg, F.: Commonsense reasoning and explainable artificial intelligence using large language models. In: European Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 302–319 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50396-2_17 . Springer Terwiesch [2023] Terwiesch, C.: Would chat GPT3 get a Wharton MBA. A prediction based on its performance in the operations management course. Wharton: Mack Institute for Innovation Management/University of Pennsylvania/School Wharton (2023) Xiao et al. [2023] Xiao, P., Chen, Y., Bao, W.: Waiting, Banning, and Embracing: An Empirical Analysis of Adapting Policies for Generative AI in Higher Education. arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.18617 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2305.18617 Bozkurt and Sharma [2023] Bozkurt, A., Sharma, R.C.: Challenging the status quo and exploring the new boundaries in the age of algorithms: Reimagining the role of generative AI in distance education and online learning. Asian Journal of Distance Education 18(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7755273 Warschauer et al. [2023] Warschauer, M., Tseng, W., Yim, S., Webster, T., Jacob, S., Du, Q., Tate, T.: The affordances and contradictions of ai-generated text for second language writers. Available at SSRN (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4404380 Tlili et al. [2023] Tlili, A., Shehata, B., Adarkwah, M.A., Bozkurt, A., Hickey, D.T., Huang, R., Agyemang, B.: What if the devil is my guardian angel: ChatGPT as a case study of using chatbots in education. Smart Learning Environments 10(1), 15 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-023-00237-x Meyer et al. [2023] Meyer, J.G., Urbanowicz, R.J., Martin, P.C., O’Connor, K., Li, R., Peng, P.-C., Bright, T.J., Tatonetti, N., Won, K.J., Gonzalez-Hernandez, G., et al.: Chatgpt and large language models in academia: opportunities and challenges. BioData Mining 16(1), 20 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-023-00339-9 Sharma and Yadav [2022] Sharma, S., Yadav, R.: Chat GPT - A Technological Remedy or Challenge for Education System. Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 14(4), 46–51 (2022) https://doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2022 Qadir [2023] Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 OpenAI: Gpt-4 technical report (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2303.08774 arXiv:2303.08774 [cs.CL] Krause and Stolzenburg [2023] Krause, S., Stolzenburg, F.: Commonsense reasoning and explainable artificial intelligence using large language models. 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[2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Warschauer, M., Tseng, W., Yim, S., Webster, T., Jacob, S., Du, Q., Tate, T.: The affordances and contradictions of ai-generated text for second language writers. Available at SSRN (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4404380 Tlili et al. [2023] Tlili, A., Shehata, B., Adarkwah, M.A., Bozkurt, A., Hickey, D.T., Huang, R., Agyemang, B.: What if the devil is my guardian angel: ChatGPT as a case study of using chatbots in education. Smart Learning Environments 10(1), 15 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-023-00237-x Meyer et al. [2023] Meyer, J.G., Urbanowicz, R.J., Martin, P.C., O’Connor, K., Li, R., Peng, P.-C., Bright, T.J., Tatonetti, N., Won, K.J., Gonzalez-Hernandez, G., et al.: Chatgpt and large language models in academia: opportunities and challenges. BioData Mining 16(1), 20 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-023-00339-9 Sharma and Yadav [2022] Sharma, S., Yadav, R.: Chat GPT - A Technological Remedy or Challenge for Education System. Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 14(4), 46–51 (2022) https://doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2022 Qadir [2023] Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Tlili, A., Shehata, B., Adarkwah, M.A., Bozkurt, A., Hickey, D.T., Huang, R., Agyemang, B.: What if the devil is my guardian angel: ChatGPT as a case study of using chatbots in education. Smart Learning Environments 10(1), 15 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-023-00237-x Meyer et al. [2023] Meyer, J.G., Urbanowicz, R.J., Martin, P.C., O’Connor, K., Li, R., Peng, P.-C., Bright, T.J., Tatonetti, N., Won, K.J., Gonzalez-Hernandez, G., et al.: Chatgpt and large language models in academia: opportunities and challenges. BioData Mining 16(1), 20 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-023-00339-9 Sharma and Yadav [2022] Sharma, S., Yadav, R.: Chat GPT - A Technological Remedy or Challenge for Education System. Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 14(4), 46–51 (2022) https://doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2022 Qadir [2023] Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Meyer, J.G., Urbanowicz, R.J., Martin, P.C., O’Connor, K., Li, R., Peng, P.-C., Bright, T.J., Tatonetti, N., Won, K.J., Gonzalez-Hernandez, G., et al.: Chatgpt and large language models in academia: opportunities and challenges. BioData Mining 16(1), 20 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-023-00339-9 Sharma and Yadav [2022] Sharma, S., Yadav, R.: Chat GPT - A Technological Remedy or Challenge for Education System. Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 14(4), 46–51 (2022) https://doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2022 Qadir [2023] Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Sharma, S., Yadav, R.: Chat GPT - A Technological Remedy or Challenge for Education System. Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 14(4), 46–51 (2022) https://doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2022 Qadir [2023] Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. 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[2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. 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Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. 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[2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. 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Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. 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Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. 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[2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? 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[2023] Warschauer, M., Tseng, W., Yim, S., Webster, T., Jacob, S., Du, Q., Tate, T.: The affordances and contradictions of ai-generated text for second language writers. Available at SSRN (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4404380 Tlili et al. [2023] Tlili, A., Shehata, B., Adarkwah, M.A., Bozkurt, A., Hickey, D.T., Huang, R., Agyemang, B.: What if the devil is my guardian angel: ChatGPT as a case study of using chatbots in education. Smart Learning Environments 10(1), 15 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-023-00237-x Meyer et al. [2023] Meyer, J.G., Urbanowicz, R.J., Martin, P.C., O’Connor, K., Li, R., Peng, P.-C., Bright, T.J., Tatonetti, N., Won, K.J., Gonzalez-Hernandez, G., et al.: Chatgpt and large language models in academia: opportunities and challenges. BioData Mining 16(1), 20 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-023-00339-9 Sharma and Yadav [2022] Sharma, S., Yadav, R.: Chat GPT - A Technological Remedy or Challenge for Education System. Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 14(4), 46–51 (2022) https://doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2022 Qadir [2023] Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Warschauer, M., Tseng, W., Yim, S., Webster, T., Jacob, S., Du, Q., Tate, T.: The affordances and contradictions of ai-generated text for second language writers. Available at SSRN (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4404380 Tlili et al. [2023] Tlili, A., Shehata, B., Adarkwah, M.A., Bozkurt, A., Hickey, D.T., Huang, R., Agyemang, B.: What if the devil is my guardian angel: ChatGPT as a case study of using chatbots in education. Smart Learning Environments 10(1), 15 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-023-00237-x Meyer et al. [2023] Meyer, J.G., Urbanowicz, R.J., Martin, P.C., O’Connor, K., Li, R., Peng, P.-C., Bright, T.J., Tatonetti, N., Won, K.J., Gonzalez-Hernandez, G., et al.: Chatgpt and large language models in academia: opportunities and challenges. BioData Mining 16(1), 20 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-023-00339-9 Sharma and Yadav [2022] Sharma, S., Yadav, R.: Chat GPT - A Technological Remedy or Challenge for Education System. Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 14(4), 46–51 (2022) https://doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2022 Qadir [2023] Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Tlili, A., Shehata, B., Adarkwah, M.A., Bozkurt, A., Hickey, D.T., Huang, R., Agyemang, B.: What if the devil is my guardian angel: ChatGPT as a case study of using chatbots in education. Smart Learning Environments 10(1), 15 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-023-00237-x Meyer et al. [2023] Meyer, J.G., Urbanowicz, R.J., Martin, P.C., O’Connor, K., Li, R., Peng, P.-C., Bright, T.J., Tatonetti, N., Won, K.J., Gonzalez-Hernandez, G., et al.: Chatgpt and large language models in academia: opportunities and challenges. BioData Mining 16(1), 20 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-023-00339-9 Sharma and Yadav [2022] Sharma, S., Yadav, R.: Chat GPT - A Technological Remedy or Challenge for Education System. Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 14(4), 46–51 (2022) https://doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2022 Qadir [2023] Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Meyer, J.G., Urbanowicz, R.J., Martin, P.C., O’Connor, K., Li, R., Peng, P.-C., Bright, T.J., Tatonetti, N., Won, K.J., Gonzalez-Hernandez, G., et al.: Chatgpt and large language models in academia: opportunities and challenges. BioData Mining 16(1), 20 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-023-00339-9 Sharma and Yadav [2022] Sharma, S., Yadav, R.: Chat GPT - A Technological Remedy or Challenge for Education System. Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 14(4), 46–51 (2022) https://doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2022 Qadir [2023] Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Sharma, S., Yadav, R.: Chat GPT - A Technological Remedy or Challenge for Education System. Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 14(4), 46–51 (2022) https://doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2022 Qadir [2023] Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. 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Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. 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Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. 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Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. 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[2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. 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Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. 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[2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? 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Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 14(4), 46–51 (2022) https://doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2022 Qadir [2023] Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. 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Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. 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[2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. 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Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Terwiesch, C.: Would chat GPT3 get a Wharton MBA. A prediction based on its performance in the operations management course. Wharton: Mack Institute for Innovation Management/University of Pennsylvania/School Wharton (2023) Xiao et al. [2023] Xiao, P., Chen, Y., Bao, W.: Waiting, Banning, and Embracing: An Empirical Analysis of Adapting Policies for Generative AI in Higher Education. arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.18617 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2305.18617 Bozkurt and Sharma [2023] Bozkurt, A., Sharma, R.C.: Challenging the status quo and exploring the new boundaries in the age of algorithms: Reimagining the role of generative AI in distance education and online learning. Asian Journal of Distance Education 18(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7755273 Warschauer et al. [2023] Warschauer, M., Tseng, W., Yim, S., Webster, T., Jacob, S., Du, Q., Tate, T.: The affordances and contradictions of ai-generated text for second language writers. Available at SSRN (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4404380 Tlili et al. [2023] Tlili, A., Shehata, B., Adarkwah, M.A., Bozkurt, A., Hickey, D.T., Huang, R., Agyemang, B.: What if the devil is my guardian angel: ChatGPT as a case study of using chatbots in education. Smart Learning Environments 10(1), 15 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-023-00237-x Meyer et al. [2023] Meyer, J.G., Urbanowicz, R.J., Martin, P.C., O’Connor, K., Li, R., Peng, P.-C., Bright, T.J., Tatonetti, N., Won, K.J., Gonzalez-Hernandez, G., et al.: Chatgpt and large language models in academia: opportunities and challenges. BioData Mining 16(1), 20 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-023-00339-9 Sharma and Yadav [2022] Sharma, S., Yadav, R.: Chat GPT - A Technological Remedy or Challenge for Education System. Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 14(4), 46–51 (2022) https://doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2022 Qadir [2023] Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. 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Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Xiao, P., Chen, Y., Bao, W.: Waiting, Banning, and Embracing: An Empirical Analysis of Adapting Policies for Generative AI in Higher Education. arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.18617 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2305.18617 Bozkurt and Sharma [2023] Bozkurt, A., Sharma, R.C.: Challenging the status quo and exploring the new boundaries in the age of algorithms: Reimagining the role of generative AI in distance education and online learning. Asian Journal of Distance Education 18(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7755273 Warschauer et al. [2023] Warschauer, M., Tseng, W., Yim, S., Webster, T., Jacob, S., Du, Q., Tate, T.: The affordances and contradictions of ai-generated text for second language writers. Available at SSRN (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4404380 Tlili et al. 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Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 14(4), 46–51 (2022) https://doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2022 Qadir [2023] Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. 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Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. 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[2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Warschauer, M., Tseng, W., Yim, S., Webster, T., Jacob, S., Du, Q., Tate, T.: The affordances and contradictions of ai-generated text for second language writers. Available at SSRN (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4404380 Tlili et al. [2023] Tlili, A., Shehata, B., Adarkwah, M.A., Bozkurt, A., Hickey, D.T., Huang, R., Agyemang, B.: What if the devil is my guardian angel: ChatGPT as a case study of using chatbots in education. Smart Learning Environments 10(1), 15 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-023-00237-x Meyer et al. [2023] Meyer, J.G., Urbanowicz, R.J., Martin, P.C., O’Connor, K., Li, R., Peng, P.-C., Bright, T.J., Tatonetti, N., Won, K.J., Gonzalez-Hernandez, G., et al.: Chatgpt and large language models in academia: opportunities and challenges. BioData Mining 16(1), 20 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-023-00339-9 Sharma and Yadav [2022] Sharma, S., Yadav, R.: Chat GPT - A Technological Remedy or Challenge for Education System. Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 14(4), 46–51 (2022) https://doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2022 Qadir [2023] Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Tlili, A., Shehata, B., Adarkwah, M.A., Bozkurt, A., Hickey, D.T., Huang, R., Agyemang, B.: What if the devil is my guardian angel: ChatGPT as a case study of using chatbots in education. Smart Learning Environments 10(1), 15 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-023-00237-x Meyer et al. [2023] Meyer, J.G., Urbanowicz, R.J., Martin, P.C., O’Connor, K., Li, R., Peng, P.-C., Bright, T.J., Tatonetti, N., Won, K.J., Gonzalez-Hernandez, G., et al.: Chatgpt and large language models in academia: opportunities and challenges. BioData Mining 16(1), 20 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-023-00339-9 Sharma and Yadav [2022] Sharma, S., Yadav, R.: Chat GPT - A Technological Remedy or Challenge for Education System. Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 14(4), 46–51 (2022) https://doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2022 Qadir [2023] Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Meyer, J.G., Urbanowicz, R.J., Martin, P.C., O’Connor, K., Li, R., Peng, P.-C., Bright, T.J., Tatonetti, N., Won, K.J., Gonzalez-Hernandez, G., et al.: Chatgpt and large language models in academia: opportunities and challenges. BioData Mining 16(1), 20 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-023-00339-9 Sharma and Yadav [2022] Sharma, S., Yadav, R.: Chat GPT - A Technological Remedy or Challenge for Education System. Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 14(4), 46–51 (2022) https://doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2022 Qadir [2023] Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Sharma, S., Yadav, R.: Chat GPT - A Technological Remedy or Challenge for Education System. Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 14(4), 46–51 (2022) https://doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2022 Qadir [2023] Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. 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[2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. 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[2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. 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Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. 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Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Xiao, P., Chen, Y., Bao, W.: Waiting, Banning, and Embracing: An Empirical Analysis of Adapting Policies for Generative AI in Higher Education. arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.18617 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2305.18617 Bozkurt and Sharma [2023] Bozkurt, A., Sharma, R.C.: Challenging the status quo and exploring the new boundaries in the age of algorithms: Reimagining the role of generative AI in distance education and online learning. Asian Journal of Distance Education 18(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7755273 Warschauer et al. [2023] Warschauer, M., Tseng, W., Yim, S., Webster, T., Jacob, S., Du, Q., Tate, T.: The affordances and contradictions of ai-generated text for second language writers. Available at SSRN (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4404380 Tlili et al. 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[2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. 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[2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Bozkurt, A., Sharma, R.C.: Challenging the status quo and exploring the new boundaries in the age of algorithms: Reimagining the role of generative AI in distance education and online learning. Asian Journal of Distance Education 18(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7755273 Warschauer et al. [2023] Warschauer, M., Tseng, W., Yim, S., Webster, T., Jacob, S., Du, Q., Tate, T.: The affordances and contradictions of ai-generated text for second language writers. Available at SSRN (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4404380 Tlili et al. [2023] Tlili, A., Shehata, B., Adarkwah, M.A., Bozkurt, A., Hickey, D.T., Huang, R., Agyemang, B.: What if the devil is my guardian angel: ChatGPT as a case study of using chatbots in education. Smart Learning Environments 10(1), 15 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-023-00237-x Meyer et al. [2023] Meyer, J.G., Urbanowicz, R.J., Martin, P.C., O’Connor, K., Li, R., Peng, P.-C., Bright, T.J., Tatonetti, N., Won, K.J., Gonzalez-Hernandez, G., et al.: Chatgpt and large language models in academia: opportunities and challenges. BioData Mining 16(1), 20 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-023-00339-9 Sharma and Yadav [2022] Sharma, S., Yadav, R.: Chat GPT - A Technological Remedy or Challenge for Education System. Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 14(4), 46–51 (2022) https://doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2022 Qadir [2023] Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. 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[2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. 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Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Warschauer, M., Tseng, W., Yim, S., Webster, T., Jacob, S., Du, Q., Tate, T.: The affordances and contradictions of ai-generated text for second language writers. Available at SSRN (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4404380 Tlili et al. [2023] Tlili, A., Shehata, B., Adarkwah, M.A., Bozkurt, A., Hickey, D.T., Huang, R., Agyemang, B.: What if the devil is my guardian angel: ChatGPT as a case study of using chatbots in education. Smart Learning Environments 10(1), 15 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-023-00237-x Meyer et al. [2023] Meyer, J.G., Urbanowicz, R.J., Martin, P.C., O’Connor, K., Li, R., Peng, P.-C., Bright, T.J., Tatonetti, N., Won, K.J., Gonzalez-Hernandez, G., et al.: Chatgpt and large language models in academia: opportunities and challenges. BioData Mining 16(1), 20 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-023-00339-9 Sharma and Yadav [2022] Sharma, S., Yadav, R.: Chat GPT - A Technological Remedy or Challenge for Education System. Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 14(4), 46–51 (2022) https://doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2022 Qadir [2023] Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. 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[2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Tlili, A., Shehata, B., Adarkwah, M.A., Bozkurt, A., Hickey, D.T., Huang, R., Agyemang, B.: What if the devil is my guardian angel: ChatGPT as a case study of using chatbots in education. Smart Learning Environments 10(1), 15 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-023-00237-x Meyer et al. [2023] Meyer, J.G., Urbanowicz, R.J., Martin, P.C., O’Connor, K., Li, R., Peng, P.-C., Bright, T.J., Tatonetti, N., Won, K.J., Gonzalez-Hernandez, G., et al.: Chatgpt and large language models in academia: opportunities and challenges. BioData Mining 16(1), 20 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-023-00339-9 Sharma and Yadav [2022] Sharma, S., Yadav, R.: Chat GPT - A Technological Remedy or Challenge for Education System. Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 14(4), 46–51 (2022) https://doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2022 Qadir [2023] Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Meyer, J.G., Urbanowicz, R.J., Martin, P.C., O’Connor, K., Li, R., Peng, P.-C., Bright, T.J., Tatonetti, N., Won, K.J., Gonzalez-Hernandez, G., et al.: Chatgpt and large language models in academia: opportunities and challenges. BioData Mining 16(1), 20 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-023-00339-9 Sharma and Yadav [2022] Sharma, S., Yadav, R.: Chat GPT - A Technological Remedy or Challenge for Education System. Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 14(4), 46–51 (2022) https://doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2022 Qadir [2023] Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Sharma, S., Yadav, R.: Chat GPT - A Technological Remedy or Challenge for Education System. Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 14(4), 46–51 (2022) https://doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2022 Qadir [2023] Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. 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Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. 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[2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. 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Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. 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Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 14(4), 46–51 (2022) https://doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2022 Qadir [2023] Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Warschauer, M., Tseng, W., Yim, S., Webster, T., Jacob, S., Du, Q., Tate, T.: The affordances and contradictions of ai-generated text for second language writers. Available at SSRN (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4404380 Tlili et al. [2023] Tlili, A., Shehata, B., Adarkwah, M.A., Bozkurt, A., Hickey, D.T., Huang, R., Agyemang, B.: What if the devil is my guardian angel: ChatGPT as a case study of using chatbots in education. Smart Learning Environments 10(1), 15 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-023-00237-x Meyer et al. [2023] Meyer, J.G., Urbanowicz, R.J., Martin, P.C., O’Connor, K., Li, R., Peng, P.-C., Bright, T.J., Tatonetti, N., Won, K.J., Gonzalez-Hernandez, G., et al.: Chatgpt and large language models in academia: opportunities and challenges. BioData Mining 16(1), 20 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-023-00339-9 Sharma and Yadav [2022] Sharma, S., Yadav, R.: Chat GPT - A Technological Remedy or Challenge for Education System. Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 14(4), 46–51 (2022) https://doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2022 Qadir [2023] Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. 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Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Tlili, A., Shehata, B., Adarkwah, M.A., Bozkurt, A., Hickey, D.T., Huang, R., Agyemang, B.: What if the devil is my guardian angel: ChatGPT as a case study of using chatbots in education. Smart Learning Environments 10(1), 15 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-023-00237-x Meyer et al. [2023] Meyer, J.G., Urbanowicz, R.J., Martin, P.C., O’Connor, K., Li, R., Peng, P.-C., Bright, T.J., Tatonetti, N., Won, K.J., Gonzalez-Hernandez, G., et al.: Chatgpt and large language models in academia: opportunities and challenges. BioData Mining 16(1), 20 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-023-00339-9 Sharma and Yadav [2022] Sharma, S., Yadav, R.: Chat GPT - A Technological Remedy or Challenge for Education System. Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 14(4), 46–51 (2022) https://doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2022 Qadir [2023] Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Meyer, J.G., Urbanowicz, R.J., Martin, P.C., O’Connor, K., Li, R., Peng, P.-C., Bright, T.J., Tatonetti, N., Won, K.J., Gonzalez-Hernandez, G., et al.: Chatgpt and large language models in academia: opportunities and challenges. BioData Mining 16(1), 20 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-023-00339-9 Sharma and Yadav [2022] Sharma, S., Yadav, R.: Chat GPT - A Technological Remedy or Challenge for Education System. Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 14(4), 46–51 (2022) https://doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2022 Qadir [2023] Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Sharma, S., Yadav, R.: Chat GPT - A Technological Remedy or Challenge for Education System. Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 14(4), 46–51 (2022) https://doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2022 Qadir [2023] Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. 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[2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. 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JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. 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Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. 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Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? 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Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. 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Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 14(4), 46–51 (2022) https://doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2022 Qadir [2023] Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. 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[2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. 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[2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Warschauer, M., Tseng, W., Yim, S., Webster, T., Jacob, S., Du, Q., Tate, T.: The affordances and contradictions of ai-generated text for second language writers. Available at SSRN (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4404380 Tlili et al. [2023] Tlili, A., Shehata, B., Adarkwah, M.A., Bozkurt, A., Hickey, D.T., Huang, R., Agyemang, B.: What if the devil is my guardian angel: ChatGPT as a case study of using chatbots in education. Smart Learning Environments 10(1), 15 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-023-00237-x Meyer et al. [2023] Meyer, J.G., Urbanowicz, R.J., Martin, P.C., O’Connor, K., Li, R., Peng, P.-C., Bright, T.J., Tatonetti, N., Won, K.J., Gonzalez-Hernandez, G., et al.: Chatgpt and large language models in academia: opportunities and challenges. BioData Mining 16(1), 20 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-023-00339-9 Sharma and Yadav [2022] Sharma, S., Yadav, R.: Chat GPT - A Technological Remedy or Challenge for Education System. Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 14(4), 46–51 (2022) https://doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2022 Qadir [2023] Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Tlili, A., Shehata, B., Adarkwah, M.A., Bozkurt, A., Hickey, D.T., Huang, R., Agyemang, B.: What if the devil is my guardian angel: ChatGPT as a case study of using chatbots in education. Smart Learning Environments 10(1), 15 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-023-00237-x Meyer et al. [2023] Meyer, J.G., Urbanowicz, R.J., Martin, P.C., O’Connor, K., Li, R., Peng, P.-C., Bright, T.J., Tatonetti, N., Won, K.J., Gonzalez-Hernandez, G., et al.: Chatgpt and large language models in academia: opportunities and challenges. BioData Mining 16(1), 20 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-023-00339-9 Sharma and Yadav [2022] Sharma, S., Yadav, R.: Chat GPT - A Technological Remedy or Challenge for Education System. Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 14(4), 46–51 (2022) https://doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2022 Qadir [2023] Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Meyer, J.G., Urbanowicz, R.J., Martin, P.C., O’Connor, K., Li, R., Peng, P.-C., Bright, T.J., Tatonetti, N., Won, K.J., Gonzalez-Hernandez, G., et al.: Chatgpt and large language models in academia: opportunities and challenges. BioData Mining 16(1), 20 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-023-00339-9 Sharma and Yadav [2022] Sharma, S., Yadav, R.: Chat GPT - A Technological Remedy or Challenge for Education System. Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 14(4), 46–51 (2022) https://doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2022 Qadir [2023] Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. 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Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 14(4), 46–51 (2022) https://doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2022 Qadir [2023] Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. 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[2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. 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[2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. 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[2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Meyer, J.G., Urbanowicz, R.J., Martin, P.C., O’Connor, K., Li, R., Peng, P.-C., Bright, T.J., Tatonetti, N., Won, K.J., Gonzalez-Hernandez, G., et al.: Chatgpt and large language models in academia: opportunities and challenges. BioData Mining 16(1), 20 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-023-00339-9 Sharma and Yadav [2022] Sharma, S., Yadav, R.: Chat GPT - A Technological Remedy or Challenge for Education System. Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 14(4), 46–51 (2022) https://doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2022 Qadir [2023] Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Sharma, S., Yadav, R.: Chat GPT - A Technological Remedy or Challenge for Education System. Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 14(4), 46–51 (2022) https://doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2022 Qadir [2023] Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. 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Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. 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Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Tlili, A., Shehata, B., Adarkwah, M.A., Bozkurt, A., Hickey, D.T., Huang, R., Agyemang, B.: What if the devil is my guardian angel: ChatGPT as a case study of using chatbots in education. Smart Learning Environments 10(1), 15 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-023-00237-x Meyer et al. [2023] Meyer, J.G., Urbanowicz, R.J., Martin, P.C., O’Connor, K., Li, R., Peng, P.-C., Bright, T.J., Tatonetti, N., Won, K.J., Gonzalez-Hernandez, G., et al.: Chatgpt and large language models in academia: opportunities and challenges. BioData Mining 16(1), 20 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-023-00339-9 Sharma and Yadav [2022] Sharma, S., Yadav, R.: Chat GPT - A Technological Remedy or Challenge for Education System. Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 14(4), 46–51 (2022) https://doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2022 Qadir [2023] Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Meyer, J.G., Urbanowicz, R.J., Martin, P.C., O’Connor, K., Li, R., Peng, P.-C., Bright, T.J., Tatonetti, N., Won, K.J., Gonzalez-Hernandez, G., et al.: Chatgpt and large language models in academia: opportunities and challenges. BioData Mining 16(1), 20 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-023-00339-9 Sharma and Yadav [2022] Sharma, S., Yadav, R.: Chat GPT - A Technological Remedy or Challenge for Education System. Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 14(4), 46–51 (2022) https://doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2022 Qadir [2023] Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. 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Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 14(4), 46–51 (2022) https://doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2022 Qadir [2023] Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. 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[2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. 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[2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. 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BioData Mining 16(1), 20 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1186/s13040-023-00339-9 Sharma and Yadav [2022] Sharma, S., Yadav, R.: Chat GPT - A Technological Remedy or Challenge for Education System. Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 14(4), 46–51 (2022) https://doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2022 Qadir [2023] Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. 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Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. 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Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Sharma, S., Yadav, R.: Chat GPT - A Technological Remedy or Challenge for Education System. Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 14(4), 46–51 (2022) https://doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2022 Qadir [2023] Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. 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[2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. 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JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. 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Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. 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Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. 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[2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Sharma, S., Yadav, R.: Chat GPT - A Technological Remedy or Challenge for Education System. Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 14(4), 46–51 (2022) https://doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2022 Qadir [2023] Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Qadir, J.: Engineering education in the era of ChatGPT: Promise and pitfalls of generative AI for education. In: 2023 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), pp. 1–9 (2023). https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.21789434 . IEEE Jahn et al. [2019] Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. 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Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. 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[2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. 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[2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. 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Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. 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Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. 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Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. 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[2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. 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Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Jahn, S., Kaste, S., März, A., Stühmeier, R.: Denkimpuls digitale bildung: Einsatz von künstlicher intelligenz im schulunterricht. Berlin: Initiative D21 eV 16, 2020 (2019) Kocoń et al. [2023] Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. 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[2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. 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Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. 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Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. 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Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. 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Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Kocoń, J., Cichecki, I., Kaszyca, O., Kochanek, M., Szydło, D., Baran, J., Bielaniewicz, J., Gruza, M., Janz, A., Kanclerz, K., et al.: ChatGPT: Jack of all trades, master of none. Information Fusion, 101861 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2023.101861 Hendy et al. [2023] Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Hendy, A., Abdelrehim, M., Sharaf, A., Raunak, V., Gabr, M., Matsushita, H., Kim, Y.J., Afify, M., Awadalla, H.H.: How good are gpt models at machine translation? a comprehensive evaluation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.09210 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2302.09210 Krause et al. [2023] Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. 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[2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. 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[2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. 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[2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. 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Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. 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Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. 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Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. 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Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. 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Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. 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Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Krause, S., Adler, S., Bühl, J., Schenkendorf, R., Schneider, K., Stolzenburg, F., Transchel, F.: Entwicklung interdisziplinärer module in der hochschulbildung (2023) https://doi.org/10.18420/inf2023_57 Devlin et al. [2022] Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. 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Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. 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[2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. 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Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. 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[2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. 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[2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. 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Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Devlin, J., Chang, M.-W., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding (2022) Liu et al. [2019] Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. 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[2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410
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[2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du Jingfei, Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach (2019) Thoppilan et al. [2022] Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. 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Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. 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Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410
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[2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Thoppilan, R., De Freitas, D., Hall, J., Shazeer, N., Kulshreshtha, A., Cheng, H.-T., Jin, A., Bos, T., Baker, L., Du, Y., et al.: Lamda: Language models for dialog applications. arXiv preprint arXiv:2201.08239 (2022) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2201.0823 Lewis et al. [2019] Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. 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Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. 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[2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. 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[2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410
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Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lewis, M., Liu, Y., Goyal, N., Ghazvininejad, M., Mohamed, A., Levy, O., Stoyanov, V., Zettlemoyer, L.: Bart: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension. arXiv preprint arXiv:1910.13461 (2019) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1910.13461 Atlas [2023] Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. 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International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. 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Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Atlas, S.: ChatGPT for higher education and professional development: A guide to conversational AI (2023) Rahman and Watanobe [2023] Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. 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Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. 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Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. 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[2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. 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[2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410
  22. Rahman, M.M., Watanobe, Y.: ChatGPT for education and research: Opportunities, threats, and strategies. Applied Sciences 13(9), 5783 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095783 Xu et al. [2023] Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. 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Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. 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[2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. 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Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. 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Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410
  23. Xu, R., Feng, Y., Chen, H.: Chatgpt vs. google: A comparative study of search performance and user experience. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.01135 (2023) https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.01135 Hosseini et al. [2023] Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. 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Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. 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[2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. 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Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410
  24. Hosseini, M., Rasmussen, L.M., Resnik, D.B.: Using AI to write scholarly publications. Accountability in research, 1–9 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/08989621.2023.2168535 Mhlanga [2023] Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. 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Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. 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Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. 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Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410
  25. Mhlanga, D.: Open AI in education, the responsible and ethical use of ChatGPT towards lifelong learning. Education, the Responsible and Ethical Use of ChatGPT Towards Lifelong Learning (February 11, 2023) (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4354422 Liu and Stapleton [2018] Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Liu, F., Stapleton, P.: Connecting writing assessment with critical thinking: An exploratory study of alternative rhetorical functions and objects of enquiry in writing prompts. Assessing Writing 38, 10–20 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asw.2018.09.001 Perera and Lankathilaka [2023] Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. 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Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. 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(2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. 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Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410
  27. Perera, P., Lankathilaka, M.: AI in Higher Education: A Literature Review of ChatGPT and Guidelines for Responsible Implementation. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, VII, 306–314 (2023) https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2023.7623 Cotton et al. [2023] Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. 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Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. 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Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410
  28. Cotton, D.R., Cotton, P.A., Shipway, J.R.: Chatting and cheating: Ensuring academic integrity in the era of ChatGPT. Innovations in Education and Teaching International, 1–12 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Kosow and Gaßner [2008] Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Kosow, H., Gaßner, R.: Methods of Future and Scenario Analysis: Overview, Assessment, and Selection Criteria vol. 39. DEU, ??? (2008). https://doi.org/https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/19366 De Jouvenel [2000] De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. 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Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. 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Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410
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Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. 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Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 De Jouvenel, H.: A brief methodological guide to scenario building. Technological Forecasting and Social Change 65(1), 37–48 (2000) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 Van Notten et al. [2003] Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. 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Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. 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[2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. 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Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. 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Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. 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Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Van Notten, P.W., Rotmans, J., Van Asselt, M.B., Rothman, D.S.: An updated scenario typology. Futures 35(5), 423–443 (2003) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00090-3 Loos et al. [2023] Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. 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Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. 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[2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. 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Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. 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A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. 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Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410
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Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. 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JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. 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[2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. 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A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. 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Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410
  32. Loos, E., Gröpler, J., Goudeau, M.-L.S.: Using ChatGPT in Education: Human Reflection on ChatGPT’s Self-Reflection. Societies 13(8), 196 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13080196 Islam and Islam [2023] Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Islam, I., Islam, M.N.: Opportunities and challenges of chatgpt in academia: A conceptual analysis. Authorea Preprints (2023) https://doi.org/10.22541/au.167712329.97543109/v1 Gill et al. [2024] Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. 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A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. 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[2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410
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[2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410
  34. Gill, S.S., Xu, M., Patros, P., Wu, H., Kaur, R., Kaur, K., Fuller, S., Singh, M., Arora, P., Parlikad, A.K., et al.: Transformative effects of ChatGPT on modern education: Emerging Era of AI Chatbots. Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems 4, 19–23 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iotcps.2023.06.002 Sok and Heng [2023] Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Sok, S., Heng, K.: ChatGPT for education and research: A review of benefits and risks. Available at SSRN 4378735 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4378735 Fui-Hoon Nah et al. [2023] Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. 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JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. 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[2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410
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[2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. 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Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. 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Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410
  36. Fui-Hoon Nah, F., Zheng, R., Cai, J., Siau, K., Chen, L.: Generative AI and ChatGPT: Applications, challenges, and AI-human collaboration. Journal of Information Technology Case and Application Research 25(3), 277–304 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1080/15228053.2023.2233814 Wu et al. [2023] Wu, X., Duan, R., Ni, J.: Unveiling security, privacy, and ethical concerns of ChatGPT. Journal of Information and Intelligence (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiixd.2023.10.007 Iskender [2023] Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. 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A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. 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[2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. 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[2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410
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[2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. 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JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. 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[2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410
  38. Iskender, A.: Holy or unholy? Interview with open AI’s ChatGPT. European Journal of Tourism Research 34, 3414–3414 (2023) https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.3169 Gilson et al. [2023] Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410
  39. Gilson, A., Safranek, C.W., Huang, T., Socrates, V., Chi, L., Taylor, R.A., Chartash, D., et al.: How does ChatGPT perform on the United States medical licensing examination? The implications of large language models for medical education and knowledge assessment. JMIR Medical Education 9(1), 45312 (2023) https://doi.org/10.2196/45312 Moore et al. [2022] Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410
  40. Moore, S., Nguyen, H.A., Bier, N., Domadia, T., Stamper, J.: Assessing the quality of student-generated short answer questions using GPT-3, 243–257 (2022) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16290-9_18 . Springer Opara et al. [2023] Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410
  41. Opara, E., Mfon-Ette Theresa, A., Aduke, T.-r.C.: ChatGPT for teaching, learning and research: Prospects and challenges. Glob Acad J Humanit Soc Sci 5 (2023) https://doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2023.v05i02.001 Mhlanga et al. [2023] Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410
  42. Mhlanga, D., et al.: Digital Transformation Education, Opportunities, and Challenges of the Application of ChatGPT to Emerging Economies. Education Research International 2023 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7605075 Limna et al. [2023] Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410
  43. Limna, P., Kraiwanit, T., Jangjarat, K., Klayklung, P., Chocksathaporn, P.: The use of ChatGPT in the digital era: Perspectives on chatbot implementation. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching 6(1) (2023) https://doi.org/10.37074/jalt.2023.6.1.32 Karthikeyan [2023] Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410
  44. Karthikeyan, C.: Literature Review on Pros and Cons of ChatGPT Implications in Education. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12(3) (2023) https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23219122412 Yu [2023] Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410
  45. Yu, H.: Reflection on whether chat gpt should be banned by academia from the perspective of education and teaching. Frontiers in Psychology 14, 1181712 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181712 Lo [2023] Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410 Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410
  46. Lo, C.K.: What is the impact of ChatGPT on education? A rapid review of the literature. Education Sciences 13(4), 410 (2023) https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13040410
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Authors (3)
  1. Stefanie Krause (5 papers)
  2. Bhumi Hitesh Panchal (1 paper)
  3. Nikhil Ubhe (1 paper)
Citations (2)
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