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Global transformer overheating from geomagnetic storms (2403.18070v2)

Published 26 Mar 2024 in physics.soc-ph, physics.ao-ph, and physics.space-ph

Abstract: Geomagnetic storms occurring due to sustained, high-speed solar winds are known to induce currents in power distribution networks. These geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) can cause high voltage transformers (HVT) to overheat, thus resulting in a catastrophic electricity loss event (CELE). Since significant portions of infrastructures around the world rely heavily on access to electric power, it is essential to estimate the risks associated with GICs on a global scale. We assemble multiple methodologies across various scientific disciplines to develop a framework assessing the probability of a severe geomagnetic storm causing a long-term, widespread power outage. Our model incorporates thermal models of HVT tie bar hot spots, historical geoelectric field estimates, and a global conductivity model to estimate the risk of long-term power outage for regions between -70 degrees and 80 degrees geomagnetic latitude due to transformer overheating failure. Assuming a uniform 33% HVT spare capacity, our analysis indicates that a 1 in 10,000 year storm would result in approximately 1% of the population in Europe and North America experiencing a long-term (months to years) electricity loss.

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[2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. U.S. Energy Information Administration, Electricity consumption by country, https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world/electricity/electricity-consumption (2020b), accessed: 2023-12-13. Love et al. [2018] J. J. Love, G. M. Lucas, A. Kelbert, and P. A. Bedrosian, Geoelectric hazard maps for the Mid-Atlantic United States: 100 year extreme values and the 1989 magnetic storm, Geophysical Research Letters 45, 5 (2018). Berdichevsky and Dmitriev [2008] M. N. Berdichevsky and V. I. Dmitriev, Models and methods of magnetotellurics (Springer Science & Business Media, 2008). Chave and Jones [2012] A. D. Chave and A. G. Jones, The magnetotelluric method: Theory and practice (Cambridge University Press, 2012). Love et al. [2019] J. J. Love, G. M. Lucas, P. A. Bedrosian, and A. Kelbert, Extreme-value geoelectric amplitude and polarization across the Northeast United States, Space weather 17, 379 (2019). Ngwira et al. [2013] C. M. Ngwira, A. Pulkkinen, F. D. Wilder, and G. Crowley, Extended study of extreme geoelectric field event scenarios for geomagnetically induced current applications, Space Weather 11, 121 (2013). Love [2020] J. J. Love, Some experiments in extreme-value statistical modeling of magnetic superstorm intensities, Space Weather 18, e2019SW002255 (2020). Alekseev et al. [2015] D. Alekseev, A. Kuvshinov, and N. Palshin, Compilation of 3D global conductivity model of the Earth for space weather applications, Earth, Planets and Space 67, 1 (2015), https://globalconductivity.ocean.ru/. Accessed: 2023-12-11. Simmins [2011] J. J. Simmins, The impact of PAP 8 on the Common Information Model (CIM), in 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition (IEEE, 2011) pp. 1–2. Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R. [2018] Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. Lehtinen and Pirjola [1985] M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. J. J. Love, G. M. Lucas, A. Kelbert, and P. A. Bedrosian, Geoelectric hazard maps for the Mid-Atlantic United States: 100 year extreme values and the 1989 magnetic storm, Geophysical Research Letters 45, 5 (2018). Berdichevsky and Dmitriev [2008] M. N. Berdichevsky and V. I. Dmitriev, Models and methods of magnetotellurics (Springer Science & Business Media, 2008). Chave and Jones [2012] A. D. Chave and A. G. Jones, The magnetotelluric method: Theory and practice (Cambridge University Press, 2012). Love et al. [2019] J. J. Love, G. M. Lucas, P. A. Bedrosian, and A. Kelbert, Extreme-value geoelectric amplitude and polarization across the Northeast United States, Space weather 17, 379 (2019). Ngwira et al. [2013] C. M. Ngwira, A. Pulkkinen, F. D. Wilder, and G. Crowley, Extended study of extreme geoelectric field event scenarios for geomagnetically induced current applications, Space Weather 11, 121 (2013). Love [2020] J. J. Love, Some experiments in extreme-value statistical modeling of magnetic superstorm intensities, Space Weather 18, e2019SW002255 (2020). Alekseev et al. [2015] D. Alekseev, A. Kuvshinov, and N. Palshin, Compilation of 3D global conductivity model of the Earth for space weather applications, Earth, Planets and Space 67, 1 (2015), https://globalconductivity.ocean.ru/. Accessed: 2023-12-11. Simmins [2011] J. J. Simmins, The impact of PAP 8 on the Common Information Model (CIM), in 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition (IEEE, 2011) pp. 1–2. Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R. [2018] Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. Lehtinen and Pirjola [1985] M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. M. N. Berdichevsky and V. I. Dmitriev, Models and methods of magnetotellurics (Springer Science & Business Media, 2008). Chave and Jones [2012] A. D. Chave and A. G. Jones, The magnetotelluric method: Theory and practice (Cambridge University Press, 2012). Love et al. [2019] J. J. Love, G. M. Lucas, P. A. Bedrosian, and A. Kelbert, Extreme-value geoelectric amplitude and polarization across the Northeast United States, Space weather 17, 379 (2019). Ngwira et al. [2013] C. M. Ngwira, A. Pulkkinen, F. D. Wilder, and G. Crowley, Extended study of extreme geoelectric field event scenarios for geomagnetically induced current applications, Space Weather 11, 121 (2013). Love [2020] J. J. Love, Some experiments in extreme-value statistical modeling of magnetic superstorm intensities, Space Weather 18, e2019SW002255 (2020). Alekseev et al. [2015] D. Alekseev, A. Kuvshinov, and N. Palshin, Compilation of 3D global conductivity model of the Earth for space weather applications, Earth, Planets and Space 67, 1 (2015), https://globalconductivity.ocean.ru/. Accessed: 2023-12-11. Simmins [2011] J. J. Simmins, The impact of PAP 8 on the Common Information Model (CIM), in 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition (IEEE, 2011) pp. 1–2. Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R. [2018] Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. Lehtinen and Pirjola [1985] M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. A. D. Chave and A. G. Jones, The magnetotelluric method: Theory and practice (Cambridge University Press, 2012). Love et al. [2019] J. J. Love, G. M. Lucas, P. A. Bedrosian, and A. Kelbert, Extreme-value geoelectric amplitude and polarization across the Northeast United States, Space weather 17, 379 (2019). Ngwira et al. [2013] C. M. Ngwira, A. Pulkkinen, F. D. Wilder, and G. Crowley, Extended study of extreme geoelectric field event scenarios for geomagnetically induced current applications, Space Weather 11, 121 (2013). Love [2020] J. J. Love, Some experiments in extreme-value statistical modeling of magnetic superstorm intensities, Space Weather 18, e2019SW002255 (2020). Alekseev et al. [2015] D. Alekseev, A. Kuvshinov, and N. Palshin, Compilation of 3D global conductivity model of the Earth for space weather applications, Earth, Planets and Space 67, 1 (2015), https://globalconductivity.ocean.ru/. Accessed: 2023-12-11. Simmins [2011] J. J. Simmins, The impact of PAP 8 on the Common Information Model (CIM), in 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition (IEEE, 2011) pp. 1–2. Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R. [2018] Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. Lehtinen and Pirjola [1985] M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. J. J. Love, G. M. Lucas, P. A. Bedrosian, and A. Kelbert, Extreme-value geoelectric amplitude and polarization across the Northeast United States, Space weather 17, 379 (2019). Ngwira et al. [2013] C. M. Ngwira, A. Pulkkinen, F. D. Wilder, and G. Crowley, Extended study of extreme geoelectric field event scenarios for geomagnetically induced current applications, Space Weather 11, 121 (2013). Love [2020] J. J. Love, Some experiments in extreme-value statistical modeling of magnetic superstorm intensities, Space Weather 18, e2019SW002255 (2020). Alekseev et al. [2015] D. Alekseev, A. Kuvshinov, and N. Palshin, Compilation of 3D global conductivity model of the Earth for space weather applications, Earth, Planets and Space 67, 1 (2015), https://globalconductivity.ocean.ru/. Accessed: 2023-12-11. Simmins [2011] J. J. Simmins, The impact of PAP 8 on the Common Information Model (CIM), in 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition (IEEE, 2011) pp. 1–2. Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R. [2018] Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. Lehtinen and Pirjola [1985] M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. C. M. Ngwira, A. Pulkkinen, F. D. Wilder, and G. Crowley, Extended study of extreme geoelectric field event scenarios for geomagnetically induced current applications, Space Weather 11, 121 (2013). Love [2020] J. J. Love, Some experiments in extreme-value statistical modeling of magnetic superstorm intensities, Space Weather 18, e2019SW002255 (2020). Alekseev et al. [2015] D. Alekseev, A. Kuvshinov, and N. Palshin, Compilation of 3D global conductivity model of the Earth for space weather applications, Earth, Planets and Space 67, 1 (2015), https://globalconductivity.ocean.ru/. Accessed: 2023-12-11. Simmins [2011] J. J. Simmins, The impact of PAP 8 on the Common Information Model (CIM), in 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition (IEEE, 2011) pp. 1–2. Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R. [2018] Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. Lehtinen and Pirjola [1985] M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. J. J. Love, Some experiments in extreme-value statistical modeling of magnetic superstorm intensities, Space Weather 18, e2019SW002255 (2020). Alekseev et al. [2015] D. Alekseev, A. Kuvshinov, and N. Palshin, Compilation of 3D global conductivity model of the Earth for space weather applications, Earth, Planets and Space 67, 1 (2015), https://globalconductivity.ocean.ru/. Accessed: 2023-12-11. Simmins [2011] J. J. Simmins, The impact of PAP 8 on the Common Information Model (CIM), in 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition (IEEE, 2011) pp. 1–2. Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R. [2018] Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. Lehtinen and Pirjola [1985] M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. D. Alekseev, A. Kuvshinov, and N. Palshin, Compilation of 3D global conductivity model of the Earth for space weather applications, Earth, Planets and Space 67, 1 (2015), https://globalconductivity.ocean.ru/. Accessed: 2023-12-11. Simmins [2011] J. J. Simmins, The impact of PAP 8 on the Common Information Model (CIM), in 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition (IEEE, 2011) pp. 1–2. Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R. [2018] Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. Lehtinen and Pirjola [1985] M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. J. J. Simmins, The impact of PAP 8 on the Common Information Model (CIM), in 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition (IEEE, 2011) pp. 1–2. Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R. [2018] Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. Lehtinen and Pirjola [1985] M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. Lehtinen and Pirjola [1985] M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. 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[2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. J. J. Love, G. M. Lucas, A. Kelbert, and P. A. Bedrosian, Geoelectric hazard maps for the Mid-Atlantic United States: 100 year extreme values and the 1989 magnetic storm, Geophysical Research Letters 45, 5 (2018). Berdichevsky and Dmitriev [2008] M. N. Berdichevsky and V. I. Dmitriev, Models and methods of magnetotellurics (Springer Science & Business Media, 2008). Chave and Jones [2012] A. D. Chave and A. G. Jones, The magnetotelluric method: Theory and practice (Cambridge University Press, 2012). Love et al. [2019] J. J. Love, G. M. Lucas, P. A. Bedrosian, and A. Kelbert, Extreme-value geoelectric amplitude and polarization across the Northeast United States, Space weather 17, 379 (2019). Ngwira et al. [2013] C. M. Ngwira, A. Pulkkinen, F. D. Wilder, and G. Crowley, Extended study of extreme geoelectric field event scenarios for geomagnetically induced current applications, Space Weather 11, 121 (2013). Love [2020] J. J. Love, Some experiments in extreme-value statistical modeling of magnetic superstorm intensities, Space Weather 18, e2019SW002255 (2020). Alekseev et al. [2015] D. Alekseev, A. Kuvshinov, and N. Palshin, Compilation of 3D global conductivity model of the Earth for space weather applications, Earth, Planets and Space 67, 1 (2015), https://globalconductivity.ocean.ru/. Accessed: 2023-12-11. Simmins [2011] J. J. Simmins, The impact of PAP 8 on the Common Information Model (CIM), in 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition (IEEE, 2011) pp. 1–2. Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R. [2018] Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. Lehtinen and Pirjola [1985] M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. 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[2013] C. M. Ngwira, A. Pulkkinen, F. D. Wilder, and G. Crowley, Extended study of extreme geoelectric field event scenarios for geomagnetically induced current applications, Space Weather 11, 121 (2013). Love [2020] J. J. Love, Some experiments in extreme-value statistical modeling of magnetic superstorm intensities, Space Weather 18, e2019SW002255 (2020). Alekseev et al. [2015] D. Alekseev, A. Kuvshinov, and N. Palshin, Compilation of 3D global conductivity model of the Earth for space weather applications, Earth, Planets and Space 67, 1 (2015), https://globalconductivity.ocean.ru/. Accessed: 2023-12-11. Simmins [2011] J. J. Simmins, The impact of PAP 8 on the Common Information Model (CIM), in 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition (IEEE, 2011) pp. 1–2. Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R. [2018] Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. Lehtinen and Pirjola [1985] M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. A. D. Chave and A. G. Jones, The magnetotelluric method: Theory and practice (Cambridge University Press, 2012). Love et al. [2019] J. J. Love, G. M. Lucas, P. A. Bedrosian, and A. Kelbert, Extreme-value geoelectric amplitude and polarization across the Northeast United States, Space weather 17, 379 (2019). Ngwira et al. [2013] C. M. Ngwira, A. Pulkkinen, F. D. Wilder, and G. Crowley, Extended study of extreme geoelectric field event scenarios for geomagnetically induced current applications, Space Weather 11, 121 (2013). Love [2020] J. J. Love, Some experiments in extreme-value statistical modeling of magnetic superstorm intensities, Space Weather 18, e2019SW002255 (2020). Alekseev et al. [2015] D. Alekseev, A. Kuvshinov, and N. Palshin, Compilation of 3D global conductivity model of the Earth for space weather applications, Earth, Planets and Space 67, 1 (2015), https://globalconductivity.ocean.ru/. Accessed: 2023-12-11. Simmins [2011] J. J. Simmins, The impact of PAP 8 on the Common Information Model (CIM), in 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition (IEEE, 2011) pp. 1–2. Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R. [2018] Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. Lehtinen and Pirjola [1985] M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. J. J. Love, G. M. Lucas, P. A. Bedrosian, and A. Kelbert, Extreme-value geoelectric amplitude and polarization across the Northeast United States, Space weather 17, 379 (2019). Ngwira et al. [2013] C. M. Ngwira, A. Pulkkinen, F. D. Wilder, and G. Crowley, Extended study of extreme geoelectric field event scenarios for geomagnetically induced current applications, Space Weather 11, 121 (2013). Love [2020] J. J. Love, Some experiments in extreme-value statistical modeling of magnetic superstorm intensities, Space Weather 18, e2019SW002255 (2020). Alekseev et al. [2015] D. Alekseev, A. Kuvshinov, and N. Palshin, Compilation of 3D global conductivity model of the Earth for space weather applications, Earth, Planets and Space 67, 1 (2015), https://globalconductivity.ocean.ru/. Accessed: 2023-12-11. Simmins [2011] J. J. Simmins, The impact of PAP 8 on the Common Information Model (CIM), in 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition (IEEE, 2011) pp. 1–2. Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R. [2018] Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. Lehtinen and Pirjola [1985] M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. C. M. Ngwira, A. Pulkkinen, F. D. Wilder, and G. Crowley, Extended study of extreme geoelectric field event scenarios for geomagnetically induced current applications, Space Weather 11, 121 (2013). Love [2020] J. J. Love, Some experiments in extreme-value statistical modeling of magnetic superstorm intensities, Space Weather 18, e2019SW002255 (2020). Alekseev et al. [2015] D. Alekseev, A. Kuvshinov, and N. Palshin, Compilation of 3D global conductivity model of the Earth for space weather applications, Earth, Planets and Space 67, 1 (2015), https://globalconductivity.ocean.ru/. Accessed: 2023-12-11. Simmins [2011] J. J. Simmins, The impact of PAP 8 on the Common Information Model (CIM), in 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition (IEEE, 2011) pp. 1–2. Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R. [2018] Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. Lehtinen and Pirjola [1985] M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. J. J. Love, Some experiments in extreme-value statistical modeling of magnetic superstorm intensities, Space Weather 18, e2019SW002255 (2020). Alekseev et al. [2015] D. Alekseev, A. Kuvshinov, and N. Palshin, Compilation of 3D global conductivity model of the Earth for space weather applications, Earth, Planets and Space 67, 1 (2015), https://globalconductivity.ocean.ru/. Accessed: 2023-12-11. Simmins [2011] J. J. Simmins, The impact of PAP 8 on the Common Information Model (CIM), in 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition (IEEE, 2011) pp. 1–2. Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R. [2018] Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. Lehtinen and Pirjola [1985] M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. D. Alekseev, A. Kuvshinov, and N. Palshin, Compilation of 3D global conductivity model of the Earth for space weather applications, Earth, Planets and Space 67, 1 (2015), https://globalconductivity.ocean.ru/. Accessed: 2023-12-11. Simmins [2011] J. J. Simmins, The impact of PAP 8 on the Common Information Model (CIM), in 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition (IEEE, 2011) pp. 1–2. Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R. [2018] Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. Lehtinen and Pirjola [1985] M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. J. J. Simmins, The impact of PAP 8 on the Common Information Model (CIM), in 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition (IEEE, 2011) pp. 1–2. Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R. [2018] Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. Lehtinen and Pirjola [1985] M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. Lehtinen and Pirjola [1985] M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. 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Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. M. N. Berdichevsky and V. I. Dmitriev, Models and methods of magnetotellurics (Springer Science & Business Media, 2008). 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Love [2020] J. J. Love, Some experiments in extreme-value statistical modeling of magnetic superstorm intensities, Space Weather 18, e2019SW002255 (2020). Alekseev et al. [2015] D. Alekseev, A. Kuvshinov, and N. Palshin, Compilation of 3D global conductivity model of the Earth for space weather applications, Earth, Planets and Space 67, 1 (2015), https://globalconductivity.ocean.ru/. Accessed: 2023-12-11. Simmins [2011] J. J. Simmins, The impact of PAP 8 on the Common Information Model (CIM), in 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition (IEEE, 2011) pp. 1–2. Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R. [2018] Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. 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Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. J. J. Love, G. M. Lucas, P. A. Bedrosian, and A. Kelbert, Extreme-value geoelectric amplitude and polarization across the Northeast United States, Space weather 17, 379 (2019). Ngwira et al. [2013] C. M. Ngwira, A. Pulkkinen, F. D. Wilder, and G. Crowley, Extended study of extreme geoelectric field event scenarios for geomagnetically induced current applications, Space Weather 11, 121 (2013). Love [2020] J. J. Love, Some experiments in extreme-value statistical modeling of magnetic superstorm intensities, Space Weather 18, e2019SW002255 (2020). Alekseev et al. [2015] D. Alekseev, A. Kuvshinov, and N. Palshin, Compilation of 3D global conductivity model of the Earth for space weather applications, Earth, Planets and Space 67, 1 (2015), https://globalconductivity.ocean.ru/. Accessed: 2023-12-11. Simmins [2011] J. J. Simmins, The impact of PAP 8 on the Common Information Model (CIM), in 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition (IEEE, 2011) pp. 1–2. Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R. [2018] Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. Lehtinen and Pirjola [1985] M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. C. M. Ngwira, A. Pulkkinen, F. D. Wilder, and G. Crowley, Extended study of extreme geoelectric field event scenarios for geomagnetically induced current applications, Space Weather 11, 121 (2013). Love [2020] J. J. Love, Some experiments in extreme-value statistical modeling of magnetic superstorm intensities, Space Weather 18, e2019SW002255 (2020). Alekseev et al. [2015] D. Alekseev, A. Kuvshinov, and N. Palshin, Compilation of 3D global conductivity model of the Earth for space weather applications, Earth, Planets and Space 67, 1 (2015), https://globalconductivity.ocean.ru/. Accessed: 2023-12-11. Simmins [2011] J. J. Simmins, The impact of PAP 8 on the Common Information Model (CIM), in 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition (IEEE, 2011) pp. 1–2. Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R. [2018] Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. Lehtinen and Pirjola [1985] M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. J. J. Love, Some experiments in extreme-value statistical modeling of magnetic superstorm intensities, Space Weather 18, e2019SW002255 (2020). Alekseev et al. [2015] D. Alekseev, A. Kuvshinov, and N. Palshin, Compilation of 3D global conductivity model of the Earth for space weather applications, Earth, Planets and Space 67, 1 (2015), https://globalconductivity.ocean.ru/. Accessed: 2023-12-11. Simmins [2011] J. J. Simmins, The impact of PAP 8 on the Common Information Model (CIM), in 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition (IEEE, 2011) pp. 1–2. Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R. [2018] Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. Lehtinen and Pirjola [1985] M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. D. Alekseev, A. Kuvshinov, and N. Palshin, Compilation of 3D global conductivity model of the Earth for space weather applications, Earth, Planets and Space 67, 1 (2015), https://globalconductivity.ocean.ru/. Accessed: 2023-12-11. Simmins [2011] J. J. Simmins, The impact of PAP 8 on the Common Information Model (CIM), in 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition (IEEE, 2011) pp. 1–2. Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R. [2018] Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. Lehtinen and Pirjola [1985] M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. J. J. Simmins, The impact of PAP 8 on the Common Information Model (CIM), in 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition (IEEE, 2011) pp. 1–2. Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R. [2018] Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. Lehtinen and Pirjola [1985] M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. Lehtinen and Pirjola [1985] M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf.
  25. J. J. Love, G. M. Lucas, A. Kelbert, and P. A. Bedrosian, Geoelectric hazard maps for the Mid-Atlantic United States: 100 year extreme values and the 1989 magnetic storm, Geophysical Research Letters 45, 5 (2018). Berdichevsky and Dmitriev [2008] M. N. Berdichevsky and V. I. Dmitriev, Models and methods of magnetotellurics (Springer Science & Business Media, 2008). Chave and Jones [2012] A. D. Chave and A. G. Jones, The magnetotelluric method: Theory and practice (Cambridge University Press, 2012). Love et al. [2019] J. J. Love, G. M. Lucas, P. A. Bedrosian, and A. Kelbert, Extreme-value geoelectric amplitude and polarization across the Northeast United States, Space weather 17, 379 (2019). Ngwira et al. [2013] C. M. Ngwira, A. Pulkkinen, F. D. Wilder, and G. Crowley, Extended study of extreme geoelectric field event scenarios for geomagnetically induced current applications, Space Weather 11, 121 (2013). Love [2020] J. J. Love, Some experiments in extreme-value statistical modeling of magnetic superstorm intensities, Space Weather 18, e2019SW002255 (2020). Alekseev et al. [2015] D. Alekseev, A. Kuvshinov, and N. Palshin, Compilation of 3D global conductivity model of the Earth for space weather applications, Earth, Planets and Space 67, 1 (2015), https://globalconductivity.ocean.ru/. Accessed: 2023-12-11. Simmins [2011] J. J. Simmins, The impact of PAP 8 on the Common Information Model (CIM), in 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition (IEEE, 2011) pp. 1–2. Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R. [2018] Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. Lehtinen and Pirjola [1985] M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. M. N. Berdichevsky and V. I. Dmitriev, Models and methods of magnetotellurics (Springer Science & Business Media, 2008). 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Simmins [2011] J. J. Simmins, The impact of PAP 8 on the Common Information Model (CIM), in 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition (IEEE, 2011) pp. 1–2. Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R. [2018] Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. Lehtinen and Pirjola [1985] M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. A. D. Chave and A. G. Jones, The magnetotelluric method: Theory and practice (Cambridge University Press, 2012). Love et al. [2019] J. J. Love, G. M. Lucas, P. A. Bedrosian, and A. Kelbert, Extreme-value geoelectric amplitude and polarization across the Northeast United States, Space weather 17, 379 (2019). Ngwira et al. [2013] C. M. Ngwira, A. Pulkkinen, F. D. Wilder, and G. Crowley, Extended study of extreme geoelectric field event scenarios for geomagnetically induced current applications, Space Weather 11, 121 (2013). Love [2020] J. J. Love, Some experiments in extreme-value statistical modeling of magnetic superstorm intensities, Space Weather 18, e2019SW002255 (2020). Alekseev et al. [2015] D. Alekseev, A. Kuvshinov, and N. Palshin, Compilation of 3D global conductivity model of the Earth for space weather applications, Earth, Planets and Space 67, 1 (2015), https://globalconductivity.ocean.ru/. Accessed: 2023-12-11. Simmins [2011] J. J. Simmins, The impact of PAP 8 on the Common Information Model (CIM), in 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition (IEEE, 2011) pp. 1–2. Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R. [2018] Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. Lehtinen and Pirjola [1985] M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. J. J. Love, G. M. Lucas, P. A. Bedrosian, and A. Kelbert, Extreme-value geoelectric amplitude and polarization across the Northeast United States, Space weather 17, 379 (2019). Ngwira et al. [2013] C. M. Ngwira, A. Pulkkinen, F. D. Wilder, and G. Crowley, Extended study of extreme geoelectric field event scenarios for geomagnetically induced current applications, Space Weather 11, 121 (2013). Love [2020] J. J. Love, Some experiments in extreme-value statistical modeling of magnetic superstorm intensities, Space Weather 18, e2019SW002255 (2020). Alekseev et al. [2015] D. Alekseev, A. Kuvshinov, and N. Palshin, Compilation of 3D global conductivity model of the Earth for space weather applications, Earth, Planets and Space 67, 1 (2015), https://globalconductivity.ocean.ru/. Accessed: 2023-12-11. Simmins [2011] J. J. Simmins, The impact of PAP 8 on the Common Information Model (CIM), in 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition (IEEE, 2011) pp. 1–2. Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R. [2018] Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. Lehtinen and Pirjola [1985] M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. C. M. Ngwira, A. Pulkkinen, F. D. Wilder, and G. Crowley, Extended study of extreme geoelectric field event scenarios for geomagnetically induced current applications, Space Weather 11, 121 (2013). Love [2020] J. J. Love, Some experiments in extreme-value statistical modeling of magnetic superstorm intensities, Space Weather 18, e2019SW002255 (2020). Alekseev et al. [2015] D. Alekseev, A. Kuvshinov, and N. Palshin, Compilation of 3D global conductivity model of the Earth for space weather applications, Earth, Planets and Space 67, 1 (2015), https://globalconductivity.ocean.ru/. Accessed: 2023-12-11. Simmins [2011] J. J. Simmins, The impact of PAP 8 on the Common Information Model (CIM), in 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition (IEEE, 2011) pp. 1–2. Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R. [2018] Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. Lehtinen and Pirjola [1985] M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. J. J. Love, Some experiments in extreme-value statistical modeling of magnetic superstorm intensities, Space Weather 18, e2019SW002255 (2020). Alekseev et al. [2015] D. Alekseev, A. Kuvshinov, and N. Palshin, Compilation of 3D global conductivity model of the Earth for space weather applications, Earth, Planets and Space 67, 1 (2015), https://globalconductivity.ocean.ru/. Accessed: 2023-12-11. Simmins [2011] J. J. Simmins, The impact of PAP 8 on the Common Information Model (CIM), in 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition (IEEE, 2011) pp. 1–2. Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R. [2018] Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. Lehtinen and Pirjola [1985] M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. D. Alekseev, A. Kuvshinov, and N. Palshin, Compilation of 3D global conductivity model of the Earth for space weather applications, Earth, Planets and Space 67, 1 (2015), https://globalconductivity.ocean.ru/. Accessed: 2023-12-11. Simmins [2011] J. J. Simmins, The impact of PAP 8 on the Common Information Model (CIM), in 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition (IEEE, 2011) pp. 1–2. Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R. [2018] Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. Lehtinen and Pirjola [1985] M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. J. J. Simmins, The impact of PAP 8 on the Common Information Model (CIM), in 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition (IEEE, 2011) pp. 1–2. Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R. [2018] Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. Lehtinen and Pirjola [1985] M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. Lehtinen and Pirjola [1985] M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf.
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An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. A. D. Chave and A. G. Jones, The magnetotelluric method: Theory and practice (Cambridge University Press, 2012). Love et al. [2019] J. J. Love, G. M. Lucas, P. A. Bedrosian, and A. Kelbert, Extreme-value geoelectric amplitude and polarization across the Northeast United States, Space weather 17, 379 (2019). 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Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. J. J. Love, G. M. Lucas, P. A. Bedrosian, and A. Kelbert, Extreme-value geoelectric amplitude and polarization across the Northeast United States, Space weather 17, 379 (2019). Ngwira et al. [2013] C. M. Ngwira, A. Pulkkinen, F. D. Wilder, and G. Crowley, Extended study of extreme geoelectric field event scenarios for geomagnetically induced current applications, Space Weather 11, 121 (2013). Love [2020] J. J. Love, Some experiments in extreme-value statistical modeling of magnetic superstorm intensities, Space Weather 18, e2019SW002255 (2020). Alekseev et al. [2015] D. Alekseev, A. Kuvshinov, and N. Palshin, Compilation of 3D global conductivity model of the Earth for space weather applications, Earth, Planets and Space 67, 1 (2015), https://globalconductivity.ocean.ru/. Accessed: 2023-12-11. Simmins [2011] J. J. Simmins, The impact of PAP 8 on the Common Information Model (CIM), in 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition (IEEE, 2011) pp. 1–2. 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[2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. 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[2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf.
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Simmins [2011] J. J. Simmins, The impact of PAP 8 on the Common Information Model (CIM), in 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition (IEEE, 2011) pp. 1–2. Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R. [2018] Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. Lehtinen and Pirjola [1985] M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. 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[2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. C. M. Ngwira, A. Pulkkinen, F. D. Wilder, and G. Crowley, Extended study of extreme geoelectric field event scenarios for geomagnetically induced current applications, Space Weather 11, 121 (2013). Love [2020] J. J. Love, Some experiments in extreme-value statistical modeling of magnetic superstorm intensities, Space Weather 18, e2019SW002255 (2020). Alekseev et al. [2015] D. Alekseev, A. Kuvshinov, and N. Palshin, Compilation of 3D global conductivity model of the Earth for space weather applications, Earth, Planets and Space 67, 1 (2015), https://globalconductivity.ocean.ru/. Accessed: 2023-12-11. Simmins [2011] J. J. Simmins, The impact of PAP 8 on the Common Information Model (CIM), in 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition (IEEE, 2011) pp. 1–2. Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R. [2018] Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. Lehtinen and Pirjola [1985] M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. J. J. Love, Some experiments in extreme-value statistical modeling of magnetic superstorm intensities, Space Weather 18, e2019SW002255 (2020). Alekseev et al. [2015] D. Alekseev, A. Kuvshinov, and N. Palshin, Compilation of 3D global conductivity model of the Earth for space weather applications, Earth, Planets and Space 67, 1 (2015), https://globalconductivity.ocean.ru/. Accessed: 2023-12-11. Simmins [2011] J. J. Simmins, The impact of PAP 8 on the Common Information Model (CIM), in 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition (IEEE, 2011) pp. 1–2. Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R. [2018] Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. Lehtinen and Pirjola [1985] M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. D. Alekseev, A. Kuvshinov, and N. Palshin, Compilation of 3D global conductivity model of the Earth for space weather applications, Earth, Planets and Space 67, 1 (2015), https://globalconductivity.ocean.ru/. Accessed: 2023-12-11. Simmins [2011] J. J. Simmins, The impact of PAP 8 on the Common Information Model (CIM), in 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition (IEEE, 2011) pp. 1–2. Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R. [2018] Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. Lehtinen and Pirjola [1985] M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. J. J. Simmins, The impact of PAP 8 on the Common Information Model (CIM), in 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition (IEEE, 2011) pp. 1–2. Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R. [2018] Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. Lehtinen and Pirjola [1985] M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. Lehtinen and Pirjola [1985] M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. 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Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R. [2018] Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. Lehtinen and Pirjola [1985] M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. 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[2018] Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. Lehtinen and Pirjola [1985] M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. J. J. Simmins, The impact of PAP 8 on the Common Information Model (CIM), in 2011 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition (IEEE, 2011) pp. 1–2. Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R. [2018] Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. Lehtinen and Pirjola [1985] M. Lehtinen and R. J. Pirjola, Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields, Annales Geophysicae 3, 479 (1985). Kikuchi et al. [2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. 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[2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. 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[2008] T. Kikuchi, K. K. Hashimoto, and K. Nozaki, Penetration of magnetospheric electric fields to the equator during a geomagnetic storm, Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 113 (2008). Marshall et al. [2013] R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. Weidelt, P. and Beggan, C. and Turnbull, A. and Mckay, K. and Bailey, R., Geomagnetically induced currents in Austria (GEOMAGICA), https://github.com/geomagpy/GEOMAGICA (2018), accessed: 2023-12-11. 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Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. 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An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. 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Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. 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  36. R. Marshall, H. Gorniak, T. Van Der Walt, C. Waters, M. Sciffer, M. Miller, M. Dalzell, T. Daly, G. Pouferis, G. Hesse, et al., Observations of geomagnetically induced currents in the Australian power network, Space Weather 11, 6 (2013). Kappenman [2010] J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf.
  37. J. Kappenman, Meta-R-319 Geomagnetic storms and their impacts on the US power grid, Metatech Corporation, 358 S. Fairview Ave., Suite E, Goleta, CA 93117 https://www.ferc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/ferc_meta-r-319.pdf (2010). E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison [2013] E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf.
  38. E. Krausmann, E. Andersson , W. Murtagh and N. Mitchison, Space Weather and Power Grids: Findings and Outlook. An event co-organised by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency and the NOAA Space Weather Prediction Centre 29-30 October, 2013, Ispra, Italy , Tech. Rep. LB-NA-26370-EN-N (Luxembourg, 2013) https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC86658. Foster et al. [2008] J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf. J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf.
  39. J. S. Foster, E. Gjelde, W. R. Graham, R. J. Hermann, H. M. Kluepfel, R. L. Lawson, G. K. Soper, L. L. Wood, and J. B. Woodard, Report of the commission to assess the threat to the United States from electromagnetic pulse (EMP) attack, critical national infrastructures, Critical National Infrastructures  (2008), https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA484672.pdf.

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