Collaborative Job Seeking for People with Autism: Challenges and Design Opportunities (2403.01715v1)
Abstract: Successful job search results from job seekers' well-shaped social communication. While well-known differences in communication exist between people with autism and neurotypicals, little is known about how people with autism collaborate with their social surroundings to strive in the job market. To better understand the practices and challenges of collaborative job seeking for people with autism, we interviewed 20 participants including applicants with autism, their social surroundings, and career experts. Through the interviews, we identified social challenges that people with autism face during their job seeking; the social support they leverage to be successful; and the technological limitations that hinder their collaboration. We designed four probes that represent major collaborative features found from the interviews--executive planning, communication, stage-wise preparation, and neurodivergent community formation--and discussed their potential usefulness and impact through three focus groups. We provide implications regarding how our findings can enhance collaborative job seeking experiences for people with autism through new designs.
- Mark S Ackerman. 2000. The intellectual challenge of CSCW: the gap between social requirements and technical feasibility. Human–Computer Interaction 15, 2-3 (2000), 179–203.
- Career Interview Readiness in Virtual Reality (CIRVR): A Platform for Simulated Interview Training for Autistic Individuals and Their Employers. ACM Trans. Access. Comput. 15, 1, Article 2 (mar 2022), 28 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3505560
- Promoting social behavior with oxytocin in high-functioning autism spectrum disorders. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, 9 (2010), 4389–4394. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0910249107 arXiv:https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.0910249107
- Hala Annabi and Jill Locke. 2019. A theoretical framework for investigating the context for creating employment success in information technology for individuals with autism. Journal of Management & Organization 25, 4 (2019), 499–515. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2018.79
- Zinat Ara and Sungsoo Ray Hong. 2023. Exploring Design Space of Collaborative Career-Seeking Experience for People on Autism Spectrum. Joint Proceedings of the ACM IUI Workshops (2023). https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3359/paper22.pdf
- Closing the Knowledge Gap in Designing Data Annotation Interfaces for AI-powered Disaster Management Analytic Systems. In 29th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI ’24), March 18–21, 2024, Greenville, SC, USA. https://doi.org/10.1145/3640543.3645214
- Robert D. Austin and Gary P. Pisano. [n. d.]. Neurodiversity as a Competitive Advantage. https://hbr.org/2017/05/neurodiversity-as-a-competitive-advantage
- Albert Bandura. 2001. Social Cognitive Theory: An Agentic Perspective. Annual Review of Psychology 52, 1 (Feb 2001), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.1
- Lessons Learned in Designing AI for Autistic Adults. In Proceedings of the 22nd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (Virtual Event, Greece) (ASSETS ’20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 46, 6 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3373625.3418305
- Douglas Biklen. 1990. Communication unbound: Autism and praxis. Harvard educational review 60, 3 (1990), 291–315.
- Joseph Bills and Yiu-kai Dennis Ng. 2021. Looking for Jobs? Matching Adults with Autism with Potential Employers for Job Opportunities. In Proceedings of the 25th International Database Engineering & Applications Symposium (Montreal, QC, Canada) (IDEAS ’21). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 212–221. https://doi.org/10.1145/3472163.3472270
- R Cope and A Remington. 2021. The strengths and abilities of autistic people in the workplace. Autism in Adulthood, 4 (1), 22–31. https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2021.0037
- John W Creswell and Cheryl N Poth. 2016. Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage publications.
- Autistic peer-to-peer information transfer is highly effective. Autism 24, 7 (2020), 1704–1712. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361320919286
- Nick S. Dalton. 2013. Neurodiversity HCI. Interactions 20, 2 (mar 2013), 72–75. https://doi.org/10.1145/2427076.2427091
- Access to employment: A comparison of autistic, neurodivergent and neurotypical adults’ experiences of hiring processes in the United Kingdom. Autism (2023), 13623613221145377. https://doi.org/10.1177/13623613221145377
- Designing for Disadvantaged Job Seekers: Insights from Early Investigations. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM Conference on Designing Interactive Systems (Brisbane, QLD, Australia) (DIS ’16). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 905–910. https://doi.org/10.1145/2901790.2901865
- Implications for Supporting Marginalized Job Seekers: Lessons from Employment Centers. Proc. ACM Hum.-Comput. Interact. 5, CSCW2, Article 324 (oct 2021), 24 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3476065
- Tawanna R. Dillahunt and Joey Chiao-Yin Hsiao. 2020. Positive Feedback and Self-Reflection: Features to Support Self-Efficacy among Underrepresented Job Seekers. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Honolulu, HI, USA) (CHI ’20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1145/3313831.3376717
- Designing future employment applications for underserved job seekers: a speed dating study. In Proceedings of the 2018 Designing Interactive Systems Conference. 33–44. https://doi.org/10.1145/3196709.3196770
- Tawanna R. Dillahunt and Alex Lu. 2019. DreamGigs: Designing a Tool to Empower Low-Resource Job Seekers. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Glasgow, Scotland Uk) (CHI ’19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300808
- Autism and Employment: A Review of the “New Frontier” of Diversity Research. Journal of Management (Aug 2023), 01492063231193362. https://doi.org/10.1177/01492063231193362
- Marc Fabri. 2020. Participatory design with autistic adults – involving, supporting and empowering communities. https://www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/topics/blog/participatory-design-autistic-adults
- Social interaction matters to job search over the long haul. Current Psychology (Jan. 2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-04123-6
- Center for Disability Rights. 2023. Ableism. https://cdrnys.org/blog/uncategorized/ableism/
- Deloitte Center for Integrated Research. 2017. A rising tide lifts all boats - Creating a better work environment for all by embracing neurodiversity. https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/insights/articles/us164891_cir-career-paths-and-critical-success-factors-for-neurodivergent-workforce/DI_CIR_Career-paths-and-critical-success-factors-for-neurodivergent-workforce.pdf
- Jeffrey Heer and Maneesh Agrawala. 2007. Design considerations for collaborative visual analytics. In 2007 IEEE Symposium on Visual Analytics Science and Technology. IEEE, 171–178. https://doi.org/10.1109/VAST.2007.4389011
- David Lindell Henri McCracken. 2023. SETWorks. https://www.set-works.com/
- LLC Hire-Intelligence. 2019. Interview4. https://www.interview4.com/
- R Peter Hobson. 2012. Autism, literal language and concrete thinking: Some developmental considerations. Metaphor and Symbol 27, 1 (2012), 4–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2012.638814
- Collaborative dynamic queries: Supporting distributed small group decision-making. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173640
- Design for collaborative information-seeking: Understanding user challenges and deploying collaborative dynamic queries. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 3, CSCW (2019), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1145/3359208
- Collaborative Dynamic Queries: Supporting Distributed Small Group Decision-Making. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Montreal QC, Canada) (CHI ’18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173640
- LinkedIn Inc. 2023a. LinkedIn. https://www.linkedin.com/
- ZipRecruiter Inc. 2023b. ZipRecruiter. https://www.ziprecruiter.com/
- indeed Inc. 2023. indeed. https://www.indeed.com/
- Web Accessibility Initiative. 2023. Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG). https://www.w3.org/WAI/standards-guidelines/wcag/
- Anthony Jameson and Barry Smyth. 2007. Recommendation to groups. In The adaptive web: methods and strategies of web personalization. Springer, 596–627.
- Workplace accommodations for adults with autism spectrum disorder: a scoping review. Disability and Rehabilitation 42, 9 (2020), 1316–1331. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2018.1527952 arXiv:https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2018.1527952 PMID: 30714420.
- So Yoon Kim. 2022. Understanding Perspectives of Job Coaches of Supported Employment Programs Working with Adults with Autism. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education (Oct 2022), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/1034912X.2022.2134557
- Multiple object tracking in autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 43, 6 (2012), 1394–1405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1694-6
- Mitra Lashkari and Jinghui Cheng. 2023. “Finding the Magic Sauce”: Exploring Perspectives of Recruiters and Job Seekers on Recruitment Bias and Automated Tools. In Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/3544548.3581548
- J. Latham and B. D. Davis. 1994. The socioeconomic impact of chronic pain. Disability and Rehabilitation 16, 1 (1994), 39–44. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638289409166435
- Derek Layder. 1998. Sociological practice: Linking theory and social research. Sage.
- Executive Functioning in High-functioning Children with Autism. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 42, 2 (2001), 261–270. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021963001006679
- Self-regulation during job search: the opposing effects of employment self-efficacy and job search behavior self-efficacy. J. Appl. Psychol. 99, 6 (Nov. 2014), 1159–1172. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036692
- Rua Williams Liz Jackson, Alex Haagaard. 2022. Disability Dongle. https://https://blog.castac.org/2022/04/disability-dongle/ April 19.
- Autism and Overcoming Job Barriers: Comparing Job-Related Barriers and Possible Solutions in and outside of Autism-Specific Employment. PLOS ONE 11, 1 (01 2016), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147040
- Maturation of Executive Function in Autism. Biological Psychiatry 61, 4 (2007), 474–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.02.030 Advances in Understanding and Treating Autism Spectrum Disorders.
- Thomas W Malone and Kevin Crowston. 1994. The interdisciplinary study of coordination. ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) 26, 1 (1994), 87–119. https://doi.org/10.1145/174666.174668
- Valérie Martin and Marc J. Lanovaz. 2021. Program evaluation of a community organization offering supported employment services for adults with autism. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 82 (2021), 101741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2021.101741
- The Role of Emotion Regulation in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 52, 7 (2013), 679–688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2013.05.006
- Mentra. 2023. Mentra. https://www.mentra.com/
- Prevalence of co-occurring conditions in children and adults with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 155 (2023), 105436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105436
- “Masking is life”: Experiences of masking in autistic and nonautistic adults. Autism in Adulthood 3, 4 (2021), 330–338. https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2020.0083
- Damian EM Milton. 2012. On the ontological status of autism: The ‘double empathy problem’. Disability & society 27, 6 (2012), 883–887. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2012.710008
- Shaila M Miranda and Robert P Bostrom. 1993. The impact of group support systems on group conflict and conflict management. Journal of Management Information Systems 10, 3 (1993), 63–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.1993.11518011
- monster.com Inc. 2023. Monster. https://www.monster.com/
- Meredith Ringel Morris and Eric Horvitz. 2007. SearchTogether: an interface for collaborative web search. In Proceedings of the 20th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology. 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1145/1294211.1294215
- Vivian Genaro Motti. 2019. Designing Emerging Technologies for and with Neurodiverse Users. In Proceedings of the 37th ACM International Conference on the Design of Communication (Portland, Oregon) (SIGDOC ’19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 11, 10 pages. https://doi.org/10.1145/3328020.3353946
- Social challenges and supports from the perspective of individuals with Asperger syndrome and other autism spectrum disabilities. Autism 12, 2 (March 2008), 173–190. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361307086664
- Louise A Brown Nicholls and Mary E Stewart. 2023. Autistic traits are associated with enhanced working memory capacity for abstract visual stimuli. Acta Psychologica 236 (2023), 103905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103905
- Ioannis Nikolaou. 2014. Social Networking Web Sites in Job Search and Employee Recruitment: Using Social Networking Web Sites. International Journal of Selection and Assessment 22, 2 (Jun 2014), 179–189. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsa.12067
- Center of Disease Control and Prevention. 2023. Data & Statistics on Autism Spectrum Disorder. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html
- National Institute of Health. 2023. Autism spectrum disorder. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd#part_145439
- U.S. Department of Labor’s Employment. 2023. ONET. https://www.dol.gov/agencies/eta/onet Acessed: 2023-09-10.
- Predictors of Employment Status Among Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 71 (07 2017), 7111505112p1. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2017.71S1-PO3090
- Karsten I Paul and Klaus Moser. 2009. Unemployment impairs mental health: Meta-analyses. Journal of Vocational behavior 74, 3 (2009), 264–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2009.01.001
- Amy Pearson and Kieran Rose. 2021. A conceptual analysis of autistic masking: Understanding the narrative of stigma and the illusion of choice. Autism in Adulthood 3, 1 (2021), 52–60. https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2020.0043
- Rosalind W Picard. 2009. Future affective technology for autism and emotion communication. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, 1535 (2009), 3575–3584. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0143
- The Precisionist. 2023. The Precisionist, Inc. https://theprecisionists.com/autism/
- Robert D. Austin, Gary P. Pisano. [n. d.]. Neurodiversity as a competitive advantage: Why you should embrace it in your workforce. HarvardBusinessReview. May–June 2017.
- Emily Rubin and Laurie Lennon. 2004. Challenges in social communication in Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism. Topics in language disorders 24, 4 (2004), 271–285. https://doi.org/10.1097/00011363-200410000-00005
- Johnny Saldaña. 2015. The coding manual for qualitative researchers. Sage.
- Emotion Regulation in Children and Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder: Emotion regulation in autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research 8, 1 (Feb 2015), 9–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1387
- Emotion regulation in Asperger’s syndrome and high-functioning autism. Emotion 12, 4 (2012), 659. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027975
- Neurotypical peers are less willing to interact with those with autism based on thin slice judgments. Scientific reports 7, 1 (2017), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep40700
- Ralf Schwarzer and Nina Knoll. 2007. Functional roles of social support within the stress and coping process: A theoretical and empirical overview. International journal of psychology 42, 4 (2007), 243–252. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207590701396641
- Mind Shift. 2023. Mind Shift works. https://mindshift.works/ Acessed: 2023-09-10.
- SourceAbled. 2023. SourceAbled. https://jobs.sourceabled.com/ Acessed: 2023-09-10.
- Age Related Differences of Executive Functioning Problems in Everyday Life of Children and Adolescents in the Autism Spectrum. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 44, 8 (Aug 2014), 1959–1971. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-014-2071-4
- Fang Wang and Jian-Guo Qu. 2022. A study of relationship between social support, work values and job search behavior. Front Psychol 13 (Nov. 2022), 1021299. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1021299
- Explaining quality of life for persons with traumatic brain injuries 2 years after injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 76, 12 (1995), 1113–1119. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9993(95)80118-9
- Adult Employment Assistance Services for persons with autism spectrum disorders: Effects on employment outcomes. Campbell Systematic Reviews 8, 1 (2012), 1–68. https://doi.org/10.4073/csr.2012.5
- Earnest Wheeler and Tawanna R. Dillahunt. 2018. Navigating the Job Search as a Low-Resourced Job Seeker. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Montreal QC, Canada) (CHI ’18). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3173622
- Betina Wildhaber. 2019. Neurodiversity Network. https://www.neurodiversitynetwork.net/
- FlatMagic: Improving flat colorization through AI-driven design for digital comic professionals. In Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1145/3491102.3502075
- Hui Zheng and Vivian Motti. 2017. WeLi: A Smartwatch Application to Assist Students with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. 355–356. https://doi.org/10.1145/3132525.3134770
- Jelena Zikic and Alan M. Saks. 2009. Job search and social cognitive theory: The role of career-relevant activities. Journal of Vocational Behavior 74, 1 (2009), 117–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2008.11.001