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Human-machine social systems (2402.14410v2)

Published 22 Feb 2024 in cs.SI, cs.CY, cs.HC, and physics.soc-ph

Abstract: From fake social media accounts and generative-AI chatbots to financial trading algorithms and self-driving vehicles, robots, bots, and algorithms are proliferating and permeating our communication channels, social interactions, economic transactions, and transportation arteries. Networks of multiple interdependent and interacting humans and autonomous machines constitute complex social systems where the collective outcomes cannot be deduced from either human or machine behavior alone. Under this paradigm, we review recent research from across a range of disciplines and identify general dynamics and patterns in situations of competition, coordination, cooperation, contagion, and collective decision-making, with context-rich examples from high-frequency trading markets, a social media platform, an open-collaboration community, and a discussion forum. To ensure more robust and resilient human-machine communities, researchers should study them using complex-system methods, engineers should explicitly design AI for human-machine and machine-machine interactions, and regulators should govern the ecological diversity and social co-evolution of humans and machines.

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Dynamics and Patterns in Human-Machine Social Systems

Introduction

With the proliferation of autonomous machines—ranging from social bots to self-driving vehicles—engaging in human societies, there's a pressing need to understand the dynamics of human-machine interactions. Emerging as complex adaptive social systems, these interactions demonstrate novel collective behaviors that cannot be solely deduced from the characteristics of individual humans or machines. This survey examines research across multiple disciplines, identifying common patterns and dynamics among human-machine communities in contexts of competition, coordination, cooperation, contagion, and collective decision-making, and discusses their implications for future developments in AI.

Human-Machine Interactions

The survey offers an extensive review of interactions within human-machine systems, highlighting significant differences in human reactions to bots and machines based on awareness, intentions, and the nature of the task at hand. Notable findings include:

  • Machines' behavior and decision-making processes differ markedly from humans, often leading to unpredicted collective outcomes.
  • Awareness of interaction with a machine alters human behavior, with evidence suggesting that humans tend to act more rationally and selfishly in such scenarios.
  • Implications of these interactions vary across different contexts, affecting outcomes in situations of competition, cooperation, and more.

Collective Dynamics in Human-Machine Social Systems

This section synthesizes insights into the collective dynamics arising from human-machine interactions. The key areas explored include:

  • Competition, where algorithmic participants in markets impact efficiency, liquidity, and volatility, demonstrating both stabilizing and destabilizing effects.
  • Coordination, showing how bots might aid in breaking deadlock situations by introducing non-humanlike randomness to the system.
  • Cooperation, where simulations and experiments suggest that strategic placement and behavior of machines can foster human cooperation under certain conditions.
  • Contagion, relating to how information, opinions, and behaviors spread in networks, with bots being able to significantly influence human actions indirectly.
  • Collective decision-making, emphasizing the potential of hybrid human-machine systems to leverage machine diversity for improving decision accuracy and innovation.

Case Studies of Human-Machine Communities

The paper explores specific human-machine communities to contextualize general dynamics within particular settings, including:

  • High-frequency trading markets, where algorithmic trading shapes market efficiency and stability.
  • Social Media Platforms, particularly focusing on Twitter (X), to explore how bots influence information dissemination, public opinion, and polarization.
  • Wikipedia, highlighting the positive contributions of bots to content management and the platform's resilience.
  • Reddit, examining bots' roles in content moderation, community interaction, and their impact on user engagement.

Implications and Future Directions

Concluding with a comprehensive discussion, the survey outlines implications for research, AI design, and policy. Key points include the necessity for a nuanced understanding of human-machine social systems, advocating for AI diversity to prevent systemic failures, and emphasizing the importance of designing algorithms with explicit consideration for the types of interactions they will participate in. The paper calls for future research to adopt a relational sociology of humans and machines, urging a systemic perspective on AI ethics and governance to better navigate the emerging challenges of increasingly integrated human-machine social systems.

Conclusion

The survey underscores the intricate dynamics and unpredictable outcomes of human-machine social systems, advocating for interdisciplinary research and a holistic approach to AI design and governance. By understanding the complex interplay between humans and machines, society can better prepare for the evolving landscape of these interactions, shaping a future where both human and machine agents contribute positively to collective outcomes.

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Authors (4)
  1. Milena Tsvetkova (13 papers)
  2. Taha Yasseri (65 papers)
  3. Niccolo Pescetelli (5 papers)
  4. Tobias Werner (3 papers)
Citations (2)
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