Solving the decision-making differential equations from eye fixation data in Unity software by using Hermite Long-Short-Term Memory neural network (2402.13027v2)
Abstract: Cognitive decision-making processes are crucial aspects of human behavior, influencing various personal and professional domains. This research delves into the application of differential equations in analyzing decision-making accuracy by leveraging eye-tracking data within a virtual industrial town setting. The study unveils a systematic approach to transforming raw data into a differential equation, essential for deciphering the relationship between eye movements during decision-making processes. Mathematical relationship extraction and variable-parameter definition pave the way for deriving a differential equation that encapsulates the growth of fixations on characters. The key factors in this equation encompass the fixation rate $(\lambda)$ and separation rate $(\mu)$, reflecting user interaction dynamics and their impact on decision-making complexities tied to user engagement with virtual characters. For a comprehensive grasp of decision dynamics, solving this differential equation requires initial fixation counts, fixation rate, and separation rate. The formulation of differential equations incorporates various considerations such as engagement duration, character-player distance, relative speed, and character attributes, enabling the representation of fixation changes, speed dynamics, distance variations, and the effects of character attributes. This comprehensive analysis not only enhances our comprehension of decision-making processes but also provides a foundational framework for predictive modeling and data-driven insights for future research and applications in cognitive science and virtual reality environments.
- 3d characters. https://assetstore.unity.com/3d/characters.
- The eye tribe. https://theeyetribe.com/theeyetribe.com/about/index.html, 2016.
- Solving falkner-skan type equations via legendre and chebyshev neural blocks. arXiv e-prints, page arXiv: 2308.03337, 2023.
- L. Bakst and J. T. McGuire. Eye movements reflect adaptive predictions and predictive precision. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 150(5):915–929, 2021.
- Predicting choice behaviour in economic games using gaze data encoded as scanpath images. Dental science reports, 13(1), 2023.
- M. Delkhosh and K. Parand. A hybrid numerical method to solve nonlinear parabolic partial differential equations of time-arbitrary order. Computational and Applied Mathematics, 38(2):1–31, 2019.
- A decision-making machine learning approach in hermite spectral approximations of partial differential equations. arXiv: Numerical Analysis, 2021.
- S. Fiedler and A. Glöckner. The dynamics of decision making in risky choice: an eye-tracking analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 3:335–335, 2012.
- Applying the decision moving window to risky choice: Comparison of eye-tracking and mouse-tracing methods. Judgment and Decision Making, 6(8):740–749, 2011a.
- Decision moving window: using interactive eye tracking to examine decision processes. Behavior Research Methods, 43(3):853–863, 2011b.
- Analysis of Accuracy and Timing in Decision-Making Tasks. Springer, Cham, 2021.
- How spatial attention affects the decision process: looking through the lens of bayesian hierarchical diffusion model & eeg analysis. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 35(4):456–479, 2023.
- An Eye-Tracking Approach to Evaluating Decision-Makers’ Cognitive Load and Need-for-Cognition in Response with Rational and Emotional Advertising Stimuli. Springer, Cham, 2016.
- O. Handel. Modeling dynamic decision-making of virtual humans. Syst., 4(4), 2016.
- A. Hollingworth and S. J. Luck. The role of visual working memory in the control of gaze during visual search. Attention, perception & psychophysics, 71(4):936–949, 2009.
- T. J. R. Hughes. The Finite Element Method: Linear Static and Dynamic Finite Element Analysis (Dover Civil and Mechanical Engineering). Dover Publications, 2000.
- In the eye of the beholder: A survey of gaze tracking techniques. Pattern Recognition, 132:108944, 2020.
- M. L. Spezio J. Tao-yi Wang and C. F. Camerer. Pinocchio’s pupil: Using eyetracking and pupil dilation to understand truth-telling and deception in games. Research Papers in Economics, 100(3):984–1007, 2010.
- A theory of reading: From eye fixations to comprehension, volume 87. 1980.
- D. Kahneman. A perspective on judgment and choice: Mapping bounded rationality. American Psychologist, 58(9):697–720, 2003.
- Five semi analytical and numerical simulations for the fractional nonlinear space-time telegraph equation. Advances in Difference Equations, 2021(1):456–479, 2021.
- H. Kurokawa and F. Ohtake. Eye movement analysis of time discounting. Association of Behavioral Economics and Finance, 6:74–77, 2013.
- R. J. LeVeque. Finite Difference Methods for Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 2007.
- M. Nyström and K. Holmqvist. An adaptive algorithm for fixation, saccade, and glissade detection in eyetracking data. Behav Res Methods, 42(1):188–204, 2010.
- Sensory eye dominance: Relationship between eye and brain. Eye and Brain, 15:25–31, 2020.
- Predicting decision-making in virtual environments: An eye movement analysis with household products. Applied Sciences, 13(12):7124–7124, 2023.
- K. Parand and M. Razzaghi. Rational chebyshev tau method for solving higher-order ordinary differential equations. International Journal of Computer Mathematics, 81(1):73–80, 2004.
- Solving the boundary layer flow of eyring–powell fluid problem via quasilinearization–collocation method based on hermite functions. The Indian National Academy of Engineering, 3(1):11–19, 2018.
- Least squares support vector regression for solving volterra integral equations. Engineering with Computers, 38(Suppl 1):789–796, 2022.
- A neural network approach for solving nonlinear differential equations of lane–emden type. Engineering with Computers, pages 1–17, 2023a.
- Basics of SVM Method and Least Squares SVM. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023b.
- J. W. Payne. Task complexity and contingent processing in decision making: An information search and protocol analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16(2):366–387, 1976.
- Adaptive strategy selection in decision making. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 14(3):534–552, 1988.
- R. Petrusel. Integrating click-through and eye-tracking logs for decision-making process mining. INFOREC Association, 18(1):56–68, 2014.
- From Continuous Time Random Walk Models to Human Decision-Making Modelling: A Fractional Perspective. CRC Press, 2023.
- Using eye-tracking into decision makers evaluation in evolutionary interactive ua-flp algorithms. Neural Computing and Applications, 32(17):13747–13757, 2020.
- Gaze preference decision making predictor using rnn classifier. pages 1–6, 2022.
- Spectral methods: algorithms, analysis, and applications. Springer, New York, 2011.
- A novel learning approach for different profile shapes of convecting–radiating fins based on shifted gegenbauer lssvm. New Mathematics and Natural Computation, 19(1):195–215, 2023.
- Analysis of the learning process through eye tracking technology and feature selection techniques. Applied Sciences, 11(13):6157, 2021.
- Z. Li. Wu. Analysis on differential equation of decision model based on matlab simulation. Applied Mechanics and Materials, pages 3301–3305, 2014.