Relightful Harmonization: Lighting-aware Portrait Background Replacement (2312.06886v2)

Abstract: Portrait harmonization aims to composite a subject into a new background, adjusting its lighting and color to ensure harmony with the background scene. Existing harmonization techniques often only focus on adjusting the global color and brightness of the foreground and ignore crucial illumination cues from the background such as apparent lighting direction, leading to unrealistic compositions. We introduce Relightful Harmonization, a lighting-aware diffusion model designed to seamlessly harmonize sophisticated lighting effect for the foreground portrait using any background image. Our approach unfolds in three stages. First, we introduce a lighting representation module that allows our diffusion model to encode lighting information from target image background. Second, we introduce an alignment network that aligns lighting features learned from image background with lighting features learned from panorama environment maps, which is a complete representation for scene illumination. Last, to further boost the photorealism of the proposed method, we introduce a novel data simulation pipeline that generates synthetic training pairs from a diverse range of natural images, which are used to refine the model. Our method outperforms existing benchmarks in visual fidelity and lighting coherence, showing superior generalization in real-world testing scenarios, highlighting its versatility and practicality.

• The paper integrates explicit lighting conditioning into a diffusion model to capture environmental lighting and enhance realistic foreground-background composite quality.
• It employs a novel alignment network to calibrate lighting features from background images and environment maps, ensuring improved photorealism.
• The method leverages a synthesized data pipeline for finetuning, outperforming existing techniques on metrics like MSE, PSNR, SSIM, and LPIPS.

Relightful Harmonization: Lighting-aware Portrait Background Replacement

The paper "Relightful Harmonization: Lighting-aware Portrait Background Replacement" presents a novel approach to compositing foreground subjects into new background images while maintaining realistic harmonization in terms of lighting and color. This technique aims to improve upon the limitations of existing harmonization and relighting methods by incorporating sophisticated lighting effects, ensuring visual fidelity and coherence in the final composite images. The proposed method leverages a lighting-aware diffusion model framework bolstered by novel training and alignment techniques, ultimately demonstrating superior performance across various testing scenarios.

Methodology Overview

The authors' methodology can be categorized into three primary stages:

1. Lighting-aware Diffusion Training:
   • The first stage integrates a lighting representation module within a pre-trained diffusion model. This enables the model to encode lighting information from the background image.
   • The model is trained using a pairwise light stage dataset, designed specifically for relighting applications. This dataset includes images of subjects under various lighting conditions and their corresponding environment maps.
2. Lighting Representation Alignment:
   • In this stage, the model enhances the physical plausibility of the lighting by aligning the learned lighting representation from background images with that derived from environment maps.
   • An additional alignment network calibrates the background-extracted lighting features to match those extracted from the environment maps. This process helps to ensure more accurate and realistic lighting effects.
3. Finetuning for Photorealism:
   • The final stage focuses on improving the photorealism of the model's output. A novel data synthesis pipeline is introduced to generate high-quality training pairs from natural images.
   • The model is finetuned using this expanded dataset, allowing it to generalize better to real-world scenarios and improving its ability to produce visually coherent harmonized images.

Contributions and Numerical Results

The paper's primary contributions include:

• Integrating explicit lighting conditioning into a pre-trained diffusion model, enabling it to capture and utilize spatial lighting information from the background.
• Introducing an innovative alignment network to enhance the learned lighting representations' physical plausibility by aligning them with environment map-derived features.
• Developing a data synthesis pipeline that generates realistic training pairs from natural images, allowing the model to be finetuned for improved photorealism.

The proposed method demonstrates significant improvements over existing benchmarks in multiple metrics, including MSE, SSIM, PSNR, and LPIPS. Specifically, the model achieves:

• On the light stage test set: MSE of 0.012, PSNR of 20.527, SSIM of 0.848, and LPIPS of 0.159
• On the natural image test set: MSE of 0.005, PSNR of 23.562, SSIM of 0.913, and LPIPS of 0.097

These results highlight the method's ability to deliver more accurate and visually coherent harmonized images compared to existing harmonization and relighting techniques.

Implications and Future Directions

Practical Implications:

This approach has substantial practical implications for various applications in photography, virtual reality, and creative image editing. It enables users to seamlessly composite subjects into diverse backgrounds with consistent and realistic lighting and color adjustments. The method's independence from environment maps in the final inference stage enhances its practicality in casual photography settings and broader applicability in real-world scenarios.

Theoretical Implications:

The introduction of lighting representation alignment between background and environment map-derived features presents a novel way to bridge the gap between imprecise real-world data and structured training datasets. This technique could inspire further research into aligning other types of learned representations to improve model performance and generalizability.

Future Developments:

Future research could explore higher resolution model training to address the current resolution limitation and enhance the preservation of fine details in the subjects. Additionally, integrating intermediate steps such as albedo estimation could further refine complex lighting scenarios, potentially extending this method to more intricate compositional tasks. Extending the framework to handle dynamic and interactive lighting conditions in video sequences could also be a promising area of future exploration.

Conclusion

The paper introduces a robust and versatile framework for lighting-aware portrait background replacement. By combining a lighting-aware diffusion model with a novel lighting representation alignment technique and a comprehensive data synthesis pipeline, the authors demonstrate significant advancements in both the accuracy and realism of harmonized images. This research provides a solid foundation for further development and application of advanced harmonization techniques in both academic and practical fields.