An unconditional Montgomery Theorem for Pair Correlation of Zeros of the Riemann Zeta Function

Abstract: Assuming the Riemann Hypothesis (RH), Montgomery proved a theorem concerning pair correlation of zeros of the Riemann zeta-function. One consequence of this theorem is that, assuming RH, at least $67.9\%$ of the nontrivial zeros are simple. Here we obtain an unconditional form of Montgomery's theorem and show how to apply it to prove the following result on simple zeros: Assuming all the zeros $\rho=\beta+i\gamma$ of the Riemann zeta-function such that $T^{3/8}<\gamma\le T$ satisfy $|\beta-1/2|<1/(2\log T)$, %lie in the thin box ${s=\sigma +it: |\sigma-1/2|<1/(2\log T),\ T^{3/8}<t\le T}$, then, as $T$ tends to infinity, at least $61.7\%$ of these zeros are simple. The method of proof neither requires nor provides any information on whether any of these zeros are on or not on the critical line where $\beta=1/2$. We also obtain the same result under the weaker assumption of a strong zero-density hypothesis.