The domain of a cannibal dark matter

Abstract: We consider a scenario in which the dark matter is alone in a hidden sector and consists of a real scalar particle with a manifest or spontaneously broken $\mathbb{Z}2$ symmetry, at a temperature which differs from the one of the visible sector, $T' \neq T$. While similar models with general couplings have already been studied in the literature, the special case of a model with spontaneous symmetry breaking constitutes a non-trivial limit of these results, since it features vanishing tree-level amplitudes for the processes $k \rightarrow 2$ with $k>2$ at threshold, thus making the cross-section governing dark-matter freeze-out velocity suppressed. We carefully determine the thermally averaged dark-matter annihilation cross-section in this scenario, including the possible effects of one-loop corrections and Bose-Einstein statistics, while also reporting our results in the domain of thermal dark matter candidates, $T'\text{fo}/T$ vs. $m_\text{DM}$ with $T'\text{fo}$ being the hidden-sector temperature at decoupling. We show that for fixed quartic coupling, due to entropy conservation, the thermal candidates lie along a curve $T'/T \propto m\text{DM}^{-1/3 (1+\kappa)}$ with anomalous scaling $\kappa \sim \mathcal{O}(T'\text{fo}/m\text{DM}) > 0$. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this scaling is valid for a broad class of cannibal DM scenarios, with or without symmetry breaking. In addition, we also discuss the relevant cosmological and astrophysical constraints.