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A Comprehensive Review of Quantum Random Number Generators: Concepts, Classification and the Origin of Randomness (2203.00261v3)

Published 1 Mar 2022 in quant-ph

Abstract: Random numbers are central to cryptography and various other tasks. The intrinsic probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics has allowed us to construct a large number of quantum random number generators (QRNGs) that are distinct from the traditional true number generators. This article provides a review of the existing QRNGs with a focus on their various possible features (e.g., device independence, semi-device independence) that are not achievable in the classical world. It also discusses the origin, applicability, and other facets of randomness. Specifically, the origin of randomness is explored from the perspective of a set of hierarchical axioms for quantum mechanics, implying that succeeding axioms can be regarded as a superstructure constructed on top of a structure built by the preceding axioms. The axioms considered are: (Q1) incompatibility and uncertainty; (Q2) contextuality; (Q3) entanglement; (Q4) nonlocality and (Q5) indistinguishability of identical particles. Relevant toy generalized probability theories (GPTs) are introduced, and it is shown that the origin of random numbers in different types of QRNGs known today are associated with different layers of nonclassical theories and all of them do not require all the features of quantum mechanics. Further, classification of the available QRNGs has been done and the technological challenges associated with each class are critically analyzed. Commercially available QRNGs are also compared.

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Summary

  • The paper highlights the categorization of QRNGs by differentiating non-optical, optical trusted, self-testing, and semi-self testing approaches.
  • The paper reveals how quantum phenomena like superposition, entanglement, and contextuality underpin the intrinsic origins of true randomness.
  • The paper discusses technological challenges and commercial progress in QRNG implementations for high-security and cryptographic applications.

A Comprehensive Review of Quantum Random Number Generators: Concepts, Classification and the Origin of Randomness

The paper "A Comprehensive Review of Quantum Random Number Generators: Concepts, Classification and the Origin of Randomness" offers an extensive examination of the advancements and nuances in Quantum Random Number Generators (QRNGs). Authored by Vaisakh Mannalath, Sandeep Mishra, and Anirban Pathak, the review delineates the diverse landscape of QRNG technologies, emphasizing their foundational principles, classification, and the inherent randomness of quantum mechanics that they harness.

Overview and Classification of QRNGs

QRNGs leverage the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics, contrasting sharply against classical True Random Number Generators (TRNGs) and Pseudo-Random Number Generators (PRNGs). The review methodically categorizes existing QRNGs based on their operational methodologies and theoretical underpinnings.

  1. Non-optical and Optical Trusted Device QRNGs:
    • Non-optical Trusted QRNGs exploit quantum phenomena like radioactive decay and electronic noise, groundbreaking as they utilize mere uncertainty principles for random number generation.
    • Optical Trusted Device QRNGs employ quantum optics, utilizing photonic states, temporal modes, and spatial modes for randomness extraction. These incorporate advanced technologies like single-photon detectors (SPDs) and macroscopic photodetection using vacuum noise.
  2. Self-Testing QRNGs:
    • These QRNGs validate the randomness of their output without relying solely on the trustworthiness of the devices, often employing Bell inequality violations to certify randomness against both classical and quantum adversaries.
  3. Semi-self Testing QRNGs:
    • Positioned between trusted and fully self-testing devices, these leverage partial knowledge or trust in device components, combining practicality with enhanced security.

Theoretical Implications and Origins of Randomness

The review ventures into the theoretical realms of quantum mechanics, emphasizing intrinsic randomness facilitated by quantum phenomena like superposition, entanglement, contextuality, and nonlocality. The authors explore how different QRNG implementations rely on various quantum axioms:

  • Q1 (Incompatibility and Uncertainty): Primary for most QRNGs like those based on radioactive decay and electronic noise.
  • Q2 (Contextuality): Supports self-testing QRNGs based on quantum contextuality.
  • Q3 and Q4 (Entanglement and Nonlocality): Essential for QRNGs that utilize Bell tests, aligning with the foundational tenets that distinguish quantum mechanics from classical theories.

Technological Challenges and Future Prospects

The authors critically analyze the technological hurdles faced by QRNG deployments, such as detector efficiencies, noise handling, and device certification. The review calls attention to the rapid evolution in the commercial sector, showcasing QRNG products by industry leaders like ID Quantique and PicoQuant, which indicate the maturity and commercial viability of quantum randomness technologies.

Conclusion

"A Comprehensive Review of Quantum Random Number Generators" serves as an in-depth resource capturing the current state and future trajectory of QRNG technology. By bridging practical implementations with theoretical foundations, it provides valuable insights into the intricate interplay between quantum mechanics and randomness generation. As quantum technologies advance, QRNGs will continue to play a pivotal role in fields demanding high-security and unbiased randomness, such as cryptography and secure communications. The paper encapsulates not only the state of the art but also paves the way for future explorations into more certified and robust models of randomness extraction.

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