Diagonalization of Polynomial-Time Deterministic Turing Machines via Nondeterministic Turing Machines (2110.06211v30)

Abstract: The diagonalization technique was invented by Georg Cantor to show that there are more real numbers than algebraic numbers and is very important in theoretical computer science. In this work, we enumerate all of the polynomial-time deterministic Turing machines and diagonalize against all of them by a universal nondeterministic Turing machine. As a result, we obtain that there is a language $L_d$ not accepted by any polynomial-time deterministic Turing machines but accepted by a nondeterministic Turing machine running within time $O(n^k)$ for any $k\in\mathbb{N}_1$. Based on these, we further show that $L_d\in\mathcal{NP}$ . That is, we present a proof that $\mathcal{P}$ and $\mathcal{NP}$ differ. Meanwhile, we show that there exists a language $L_s$ in $\mathcal{P}$ but the machine accepting it also runs within time $O(n^k)$ for all $k\in\mathbb{N}_1$. Lastly, we show that if $\mathcal{P}^O=\mathcal{NP}^O$ and on some rational base assumptions then the set $P^O$ of all polynomial-time deterministic oracle Turing machines with oracle $O$ is not enumerable, thus demonstrating that diagonalization technique (via a universal nondeterministic oracle Turing machine) will generally not apply to the relativized versions of the $\mathcal{P}$ versus $\mathcal{NP}$ problem.