On the all-India rainfall index and sub-India rainfall heterogeneity

Abstract: We revisit long-standing controversies regarding relationships among the all-India rainfall index (AIRI), sub-India summer rainfall variations, El Ni~no-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) using 120-year sea surface temperature and high-resolution rainfall datasets. AIRI closely tracks with the spatial extent of wet anomalies and with the average across gridpoints in rainy day count. The leading rainfall variability mode is a monopole associated primarily with rainy day count and ENSO. The second mode is a tripole with same-signed loadings in the high-rainfall Western Ghats and Central Monsoon Zone regions and opposite-signed loadings in Southeastern India between. The IOD projects onto this tripole and, as such, is weakly correlated with AIRI. However, when the linear influence of ENSO is removed, the IOD rainfall regressions become quasi-homogeneously more positive, making the ENSO-residual IOD and AIRI timeseries significantly correlated.