Frattini-injectivity and Maximal pro-$p$ Galois groups

Abstract: We call a pro-$p$ group $G$ Frattini-injective if distinct finitely generated subgroups of $G$ have distinct Frattinis. This paper is an initial effort toward a systematic study of Frattini-injective pro-$p$ groups (and several other related concepts). Most notably, we classify the $p$-adic analytic and the solvable Frattini-injective pro-$p$ groups, and we describe the lattice of normal abelian subgroups of a Frattini-injective pro-$p$ group. We prove that every maximal pro-$p$ Galois group of a field that contains a primitive $p$th root of unity (and also contains $\sqrt{-1}$ if $p=2$) is Frattini-injective. In addition, we show that many substantial results on maximal pro-$p$ Galois groups are in fact consequences of Frattini-injectivity. For instance, a $p$-adic analytic or solvable pro-$p$ group is Frattini-injective if and only if it can be realized as a maximal pro-$p$ Galois group of a field that contains a primitive $p$th root of unity (and also contains $\sqrt{-1}$ if $p=2$); and every Frattini-injective pro-$p$ group contains a unique maximal abelian normal subgroup.