Measurements of Quantum Hamiltonians with Locally-Biased Classical Shadows

Abstract: Obtaining precise estimates of quantum observables is a crucial step of variational quantum algorithms. We consider the problem of estimating expectation values of molecular Hamiltonians, obtained on states prepared on a quantum computer. We propose a novel estimator for this task, which is locally optimised with knowledge of the Hamiltonian and a classical approximation to the underlying quantum state. Our estimator is based on the concept of classical shadows of a quantum state, and has the important property of not adding to the circuit depth for the state preparation. We test its performance numerically for molecular Hamiltonians of increasing size, finding a sizable reduction in variance with respect to current measurement protocols that do not increase circuit depths.