Difference equations for graded characters from quantum cluster algebra

Abstract: We introduce a new set of $q$-difference operators acting as raising operators on a family of symmetric polynomials which are characters of graded tensor products of current algebra ${\mathfrak g}[u]$ KR-modules \cite{FL} for ${\mathfrak g}=A_r$. These operators are generalizations of the Kirillov-Noumi \cite{kinoum} Macdonald raising operators, in the dual $q$-Whittaker limit $t\to\infty$. They form a representation of the quantum $Q$-system of type $A$ \cite{qKR}. This system is a subalgebra of a quantum cluster algebra, and is also a discrete integrable system whose conserved quantities, analogous to the Casimirs of $U_q({\mathfrak sl}_{r+1})$, act as difference operators on the above family of symmetric polynomials. The characters in the special case of products of fundamental modules are class I $q$-Whittaker functions, or characters of level-1 Demazure modules or Weyl modules. The action of the conserved quantities on these characters gives the difference quantum Toda equations \cite{Etingof}. We obtain a generalization of the latter for arbitrary tensor products of KR-modules.