Distributional behavior of time averages of non-$L^1$ observables in one-dimensional intermittent maps with infinite invariant measures

Abstract: In infinite ergodic theory, two distributional limit theorems are well-known. One is characterized by the Mittag-Leffler distribution for time averages of $L^1(m)$ functions, i.e., integrable functions with respect to an infinite invariant measure. The other is characterized by the generalized arc-sine distribution for time averages of non-$L^1(m)$ functions. Here, we provide another distributional behavior of time averages of non-$L^1(m)$ functions in one-dimensional intermittent maps where each has an indifferent fixed point and an infinite invariant measure. Observation functions considered here are non-$L^1(m)$ functions which vanish at the indifferent fixed point. We call this class of observation functions weak non-$L^1(m)$ function. Our main result represents a first step toward a third distributional limit theorem, i.e., a distributional limit theorem for this class of observables, in infinite ergodic theory. To prove our proposition, we propose a stochastic process induced by a renewal process to mimic a Birkoff sum of a weak non-$L^1(m)$ function in the one-dimensional intermittent maps.