On the extension of the Laplace-Lagrange secular theory to order two in the masses for extrasolar systems

Abstract: We study the secular evolution of several exoplanetary systems by extending the Laplace-Lagrange theory to order two in the masses. Using an expansion of the Hamiltonian in the Poincar\'e canonical variables, we determine the fundamental frequencies of the motion and compute analytically the long-term evolution of the keplerian elements. Our study clearly shows that, for systems close to a mean-motion resonance, the second order approximation describes their secular evolution more accurately than the usually adopted first order one. Moreover, this approach takes into account the influence of the mean anomalies on the secular dynamics. Finally, we set up a simple criterion that is useful to discriminate between three different categories of planetary systems: (i) {\it secular} systems (HD 11964, HD 74156, HD 134987, HD 163607, HD 12661 and HD 147018); (ii) systems {\it near a mean-motion resonance} (HD 11506, HD 177830, HD 9446, HD 169830 and $\upsilon$ Andromedae); (iii) systems {\it really close to} or {\it in a mean-motion resonance} (HD 108874, HD 128311 and HD 183263).