New congruences for sums involving Apery numbers or central Delannoy numbers (1008.2894v3)

Abstract: The Ap\'ery numbers $A_n$ and central Delannoy numbers $D_n$ are defined by $$A_n=\sum_{k=0}^{n}{n+k\choose 2k}^2{2k\choose k}^2, \quad D_n=\sum_{k=0}^{n}{n+k\choose 2k}{2k\choose k}. $$ Motivated by some recent work of Z.-W. Sun, we prove the following congruences: \sum_{k=0}^{n-1}(2k+1)^{2r+1}A_k &\equiv \sum_{k=0}^{n-1}\varepsilon^k (2k+1)^{2r+1}D_k \equiv 0\pmod n, where $n\geqslant 1$, $r\geqslant 0$, and $\varepsilon=\pm1$. For $r=1$, we further show that \sum_{k=0}^{n-1}(2k+1)^{3}A_k &\equiv 0\pmod{n^3}, \quad \sum_{k=0}^{p-1}(2k+1)^{3}A_k &\equiv p^3 \pmod{2p^6}, where $p>3$ is a prime. The following congruence \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} {n+k\choose k}^2{n-1\choose k}^2 \equiv 0 \pmod{n} plays an important role in our proof.