Robust Estimation of Moderated Causal Excursion Odds Ratio in Micro-Randomized Trials

Abstract: Micro-randomized trials (MRTs) have become increasingly popular for developing and evaluating mobile health interventions that promote healthy behaviors and manage chronic conditions. The recently proposed causal excursion effects have become the standard measure for interventions' marginal and moderated effect in MRTs. Existing methods for MRTs with binary outcomes focus on causal excursion effects on the relative risk scale. However, a causal excursion effect on the odds ratio scale is attractive for its interpretability and valid predicted probabilities, making it a valuable supplement to causal excursion relative risk. In this paper, we propose two novel estimators for the moderated causal excursion odds ratio for MRTs with longitudinal binary outcomes. When the prespecified moderator fully captures the way interventions are sequentially randomized, we propose a doubly robust estimator that remains consistent if either of two nuisance models is correctly specified. For more general settings in which treatment randomization depends on variables beyond the chosen moderator, we propose a general estimator that incorporates an association nuisance model. We further establish the general estimator's robustness to the misspecification of the association nuisance model under no causal effect, and extend the general estimator to accommodate any link functions. We establish the consistency and asymptotic normality of both estimators and demonstrate their performance through simulation studies. We apply the methods to Drink Less, a 30-day MRT for developing mobile health interventions to help reduce alcohol consumption, where the proximal outcome is whether the user opens the app in the hour following the notification.